2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Japan

The 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Japan is a part of the larger outbreak of human mpox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. According to the Ministry of Health, Japan's first mpox case was reported in Tokyo on 25 July 2022.

2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Japan
DiseaseHuman mpox
LocationJapan
Arrival date25 July 2022 – ongoing (9 months and 20 days)
Date25 July 2022
Confirmed cases8[1]
Deaths
0

Background
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Mpox and 2022–2023 mpox outbreak.

Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox)[2] is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[3] Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.[3] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks.[4][5] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being apparent.[4][6] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[7]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus,[lower-alpha 1] a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[8] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[9] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[10] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[3][10] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[11] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[12]

There is no known cure.[13] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[14] A newer smallpox and mpox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[4] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[15] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[16][17] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[17] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of mpox have been recorded since 2017.[18]

An ongoing outbreak of mpox was confirmed on 6 May 2022, beginning with a British resident who, after travelling to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic), presented symptoms consistent with mpox on 29 April 2022. The resident returned to the United Kingdom on 4 May, creating the country's index case of the outbreak.[19] The origin of several of the cases of mpox in the United Kingdom is unknown. Some monitors saw community transmission taking place in the London area as of mid-May,[20] but it has been suggested that cases were already spreading in Europe in the previous months.[21]

Timeline

The first known case of the mpox outbreak in Japan was detected on 25 July 2022. According to the Ministry of Health, the index case was a man in his 30s who had recently traveled to Europe, and he had contact with someone who was later diagnosed with mpox.[22] On 28 July 2022, Japan confirmed its second case of mpox, from a man in his 30s in Tokyo and he had recently traveled abroad. It was officially said one victim had no contact with the other victim.[23] On 5 August 2022, Japan confirmed an additional mpox case. On August 11, a fourth case was reported. On October 6, 2 new cases were reported. One day later, a 7th case was reported. On December 29, an 8th case was reported.

Notes
  1. The World Health Organization (the authority on disease names) announced the new name "mpox" in November 2022. But virus naming is the responsibility of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), who are currently reviewing all orthopoxvirus species. As of March 2023, the official name of the virus remains "monkeypox virus".[2]

References
  1. "Japan confirms second case of monkeypox after man tests positive in Tokyo". Japan Times. 28 July 2022.
  2. "WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  3. "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization (WHO). 4 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  4. "WHO Factsheet – Monkeypox". World Health Organization (WHO). 19 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. "Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  6. Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8.
  7. "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  8. Taha, M. J., Abuawwad, M. T., Alrubasy, W. A., Sameer, S. K., Alsafi, T., Al-Bustanji, Y., ... & Nashwan, A. J. Ocular manifestations of recent viral pandemics: A literature. health, 13, 14.
  9. Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2.
  10. "Transmission Monkeypox". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  11. Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; et al. (24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. PMC 9300470. PMID 35623380. S2CID 249057804.
  12. "2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  13. "Treatment Monkeypox Poxvirus CDC". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  14. Fine, P. E.; Jezek, Z.; Grab, B.; Dixon, H. (September 1988). "The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations". International Journal of Epidemiology. 17 (3): 643–650. doi:10.1093/ije/17.3.643. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 2850277.
  15. "Prevention". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  16. "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  17. "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  18. "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update" (Press release). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  19. "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  20. Pinkstone, Joe (17 May 2022). "Monkeypox 'spreading in sexual networks'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  21. Nsofor, Ifeanyi (2 June 2022). "OPINION: Media coverage of monkeypox paints it as an African virus. That makes me mad". NPR. Retrieved 2 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. "Japan monkeypox preparation". Japan Times. 25 July 2022.
  23. "Japan confirms second case of monkeypox after man tests positive in Tokyo". Japan Times. 28 July 2022.
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