Antoine Hamilton

Anthony Hamilton PC (Ire) (c. 1645 – 1719), also known as Antoine[lower-alpha 1] and comte d'Hamilton, was a soldier and a writer. As a Catholic of Irish and Scottish ancestry, he was brought to France during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland by his parents.

Anthony Hamilton
Anthony Hamilton from NPG.jpg
Detail from the portrait below
Born1644 or 1645
Ireland, probably Nenagh
Died21 April 1719
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
FatherGeorge Hamilton, 1st Baronet
MotherMary Butler

He became a soldier and fought in French service in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). After the accession of the Catholic king James II, he joined the Irish Army and fought against the Prince of Orange in the Williamite War (1689–1691). He saw action in the battles of Newtownbutler and the Boyne. The defeat led him into another French exile.

As a writer Hamilton chose French as his language and adopted a light and elegant style, seeking to amuse and entertain his reader. He is mainly known for the Mémoires du Comte de Grammont, which focuses on the time his brother-in-law Philibert, comte de Gramont, spent at the court of Charles II at Whitehall.

Birth and origins

Anthony was born in 1644 or 1645[lower-alpha 2] in Ireland, probably in Nenagh, County Tipperary.[lower-alpha 3] He was the third son of George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler.[13] His father, George, was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn. George was an officer in the Irish Army[14] and would in 1660 be created baronet of Donalong and Nenagh.[15]

Anthony's mother was Irish, the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, and a sister of James Butler,[16] marquess of Ormond.[17] Her family, the Butlers, were Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed chief butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.[18] Anthony was one of nine siblings.[13][lower-alpha 4]

Family tree
Anthony Hamilton with parents and other selected relatives.[lower-alpha 5] and written genealogies of the Abercorns.[20][21] He never married.[22] His father is sometimes confused with his granduncle, George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea.[23]
Claud
1st Ld
Paisley
1546–1621		Margaret
Seton
d. 1616
James
1st Earl
1575–1618		Marion
Boyd
d. 1632
Recusant		George
of Greenlaw
& Roscrea
d. bef. 1657		Thomas
Viscount
Thurles
d. 1619
James
2nd Earl
d. 1670		George
1st Baronet
Donalong
c. 1608 – 1679		Mary
Butler
d. 1680		James
1st Duke
Ormond
1610–1688
James
c. 1630 – 1673
Courtier		Philibert de
Gramont
1621–1707		Elizabeth
1641–1708
Beauty		Anthony
c. 1645 – 1719
James
6th Earl
c. 1661 – 1734
Legend
XXXSubject of
the article		XXXEarls of
Abercorn		XXXDukes of
Ormond

Anthony's parents were both Catholic. His paternal grandfather, the 1st Earl of Abercorn, was a Protestant.[24] but his paternal grandmother, Marion Boyd, a recusant,[25] and later his paternal granduncle George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea, a staunch Catholic, raised his father and all his paternal uncles (inclusive James, 2nd Earl of Abercorn) as Catholics.[26] His mother's family were Catholics except the marquess of Ormond. Anthony was Catholic.[27][28]

Anthony's father and Anthony's granduncle George share the same name and so do their wifes, who are both called Mary Butler.[23] The younger was his mother, whereas the elder was a daughter of Walter, 11th Earl of Ormond. The younger couple lived at Nenagh, the elder at Roscrea.[23] Carte (1736) already confused them.[29][30]

Anthony's parents married in 1635, despite earlier dates found in the literature.[31][lower-alpha 6] In 1640 Ormond had granted Anthony's father the manor, castle, town, and lands of Nenagh for 31 years.[34] That is probably where Anthony was born, but Roscrea where his granduncle George lived is often given in error.[5]

Irish childhood

Anthony was born during the Irish Confederate War, which grew out of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. His father, despite being Catholic, sided with the government, first against the rebels and then against the Confederates.[35][36] In September 1643 the war had been halted by the Cessation, a truce concluded between the Confederates and Charles I.[37]

The truce ended in August 1646 when the Papal Nuncio Rinuccini rejected the first Ormond peace,[38] and the Confederates split into a clerical and a peace faction. In September the Confederate Ulster army, in support of Rinuccini and the clerical faction, sacked Roscrea,[30] but Anthony, his mother, and his siblings were for the moment still safe at Nenagh despite what Carte (1736) or Sergeant (1913) say.[30][39] In the summer of 1648, the Ulster Army advanced further south and west. Ulster troops under Phelim MacTuoll O'Neill stormed Nenagh,[40] but Inchiquin with his Protestant Munster army soon retook the town for the king.[41]

In 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Anthony's father was colonel of an infantry regiment, governor of Nenagh,[42] and receiver-general of the revenues for Ireland.[43] He tried to defend Nenagh Castle in November 1650 when Daniel Abbot attacked and captured it during Ireton's retreat from his unsuccessful siege of Limerick to his winter quarters at Kilkenny.[44]

First French exile

Hamilton's father wanted to leave Ireland together with Ormond in December 1650, but was accused of embezzlement of tax funds.[45] Found innocent, his father, accompanied by his family, left Ireland in spring 1651 and went into French exile.[46] Anthony was about seven. They first went to Caen,[47] Normandy, where they were accommodated for some time by Anthony's aunt Elizabeth Preston, the Marchioness of Ormond.[lower-alpha 7] His father and his elder brothers, James and George, were soon employed by Charles II in various functions.[49][50] His mother then moved to Paris where she lodged in the convent of the Feuillantines.[51]

A painted bust-length portrait of Anthony Hamilton showing a young man wearing a long and high wig, clad in armour covering his breast and arms
Portrait attributed to François de Troy (c. 1700)[lower-alpha 8]

Restoration court

Hamilton and his family returned to London in 1660 at the English Restoration. His father was created Baronet of Donalong and Nenagh in 1660, but Charles refused to go further than that because the family was Catholic.[53]

Anthony, his eldest brother James, his sister Elizabeth, and his younger brother George became courtiers in the inner circle at Whitehall. The King arranged a Protestant marriage for James in 1691.[54][55][56]

In January 1663 Anthony met at Whitehall Philibert, chevalier de Gramont, a French exile.[57][58] Gramont was already in his forties and a younger half-brother of the duc de Gramont, Marshal of France. He had got into trouble by courting Mademoiselle Anne-Lucie de la Mothe-Houdancourt, on whom Louis XIV had set his eyes.[59][60][lower-alpha 9]

Gramont had no difficulties to integrate as French was spoken predominently at the court.[63] Hamilton befriended Gramont, who soon became part of the inner circle. Gramont courted Anthony's sister Elizabeth, "La belle Hamilton", who was seduced by Gramont's verbiage and gallantry. He married her in London, either in December 1663 or early in 1664.[64][65][66] In March 1664, Louis XIV, having heard of Gramont's marriage, allowed him to return.[67]

Second French exile

In 1667, Anthony's brother George refused to take the oath of supremacy and went to France.[68] It seems that Anthony went with him.[69] In 1671 George recruited a regiment in Ireland for French service.[70] Anthony then took service in that regiment, fighting in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678).[71] They were later joined by Anthony's younger brother Richard.[72] In 1673 Captain Anthony was in Limerick recruiting for the regiment.[73]

An engraved portrait in an octagonal frame of a young man with long curly hair or such a wig, wearing a breast-plate
Portrait engraved by Edward Scriven, found in the 1811 London edition of the Mémoires du comte de Grammont[74]

Anthony probably fought together with George under Turenne against German imperial troops in the Battle of Sinsheim in June 1674, and did surely so at Entzheim in October[75] where they were wounded.[76] Later that year Anthony, together with George and Richard, travelled to England from where George returned to France while Anthony and Richard continued to Ireland to recruit for the regiment.[77] The recruits were picked up by French ships at Kinsale in April 1675[78] after a missed appointment at Dingle in March.[79]

George's and Anthony's wounds as well as their voyage to England caused them to miss Turenne's winter campaign 1674/1675, during which the French marched south and surprised the Germans in upper Alsace, beating them at Turckheim in January 1675.[80]

On 27 July 1675 George was an eye-witness at Sasbach, when Turenne was killed.[81] Anthony could not have been far. At the retreat from Sasbach in August, Hamilton's regiment fought in the rearguard actions of the Battle of Altenheim.[82] Condé was called in and stopped the German advance.[83] However, Condé was soon replaced with Luxembourg.In the winter 1675/6 the Hamilton brothers went recruiting and visited Lady Arran, the wife of Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran. She calls them "ye messieurs" and one of them "comte Hamilton".[84] In the next campaign, in June 1676, George was killed while commanding Luxembourg's rearguard at the Zaberner Steige (Col de Saverne) where imperial troops under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine pursued the French who were retreating eastward to Zabern Saverne in lower Alsace.[85][86]

According to Corp (2004), Anthony succeeded to his brother's French title of comte d'Hamilton,[87] but others say such a title never existed.[88][lower-alpha 10] Anthony is often called "Count" in French[89][48] as well as in English sources[90][4][91][87]

Anthony expected to succeed George as colonel, but the post went to Thomas Dongan, who had been its lieutenant-colonel.[92] Anthony left[93][94][91] while Richard became lieutenant-colonel.[95] The Peace of Nijmegen of 1678 ended the Franco-Dutch War.[96] The regiment was disbanded in December.[97]

Anthony probably was the "comte d'Hamilton" who visited France in 1681 and played one of six zephyrs needed in the performance of Quinault's ballet the Triomphe de l'Amour, to music by Lully, on 21 January 1681 N.S. at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye before the king.[89][98][99][100] However, some believe it was Richard.[101]

Ireland

In 1685 James II acceded to the English throne.[102] He created Richard Talbot earl of Tyrconnell and entrusted him with the command of the Irish army. Tyrconnell, a Catholic, recruited Anthony as well as his younger brothers Richard and John. Anthony was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Sir Thomas Newcomen's infantry regiment.[103] Later that year he was made governor of Limerick where Newcomen's regiment was garrisoned, replacing Sir William King, a Protestant.[104][105] Soon he demonstrated his Catholicism by attending Mass in public.[106][107] That same year he was also appointed to the Irish Privy council,[108]

By September 1688 he was colonel of a regiment of foot.[109] At the eve of the Glorious Revolution, Hamilton's regiment was sent to England in an effort to provide James with reliable troops.[110] After James's flight the regiment surrendered in Portsmouth on 20 December 1688.[111][lower-alpha 11]

Tyrconnell promoted Hamilton major-general and gave him the command of the dragoons. In 1689 he was sent north with an army under Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel to fight the rebels of Enniskillen. At some stage his unit was garrisoned in Belturbet, County Cavan. In the battle of Newtownbutler, on 31 July, he commanded the horse. The outcome would show that he was "better with his pen than with his sword".[113] He persued the enemy who retreated before him leading him into a trap. He was wounded in the leg at the beginning of the action but escaped, whereas his dragoons were routed.[114] Hamilton was considered to have been over-confident and to have made minimal efforts to extricate his men from the ambush. With Captain Lavallin from Cork he served as scapegoat for the defeat, being subjected to a court martial under Marshal de Rosen. Given his family's influence, Hamilton was acquitted, but Lavallin was shot.[115] However, the Hamilton brothers had lost their reputations with the French. When in April 1690 5000 French troops arrived and Irish troops that would form the first Irish Brigade, were sent to France in exchange, the French insisted that neither Richard not Anthony should be among the officers leading them.[116]

Hamilton rode in the cavalry charges at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690.[117] He also fought in the Siege of Limerick.[118] When William raised the siege end of August,[119] Tyrconnell sent Hamilton to France to report the success.[120] He does not seem to have returned to Ireland and was absent at the Battle of Aughrim[121] in 1691 where his youngest brother, John, was mortally wounded.[122][123]

Final French exile, death, and timeline

Hamilton spent most of the last thirty years of his life at the exile court in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He held no office[124] but was given an appartment in the castle and a pension of 166 livres,[lower-alpha 12] or about 12 1/2 pound per month,[lower-alpha 13] equivalent to about £2,000 in 2021.[127]

From his years in Ireland he was a friend of the Duke of Berwick, who married in 1700, as his second wife, Anne Bulkeley,[128] daughter of Henry Bulkeley, who had died in 1698.[129] Hamilton was a friend of Anne and her sisters,[130] especially Henrietta.[131]

Hamilton was part of the circle around Ludovise, duchesse du Maine,[132] and it was partly at her seat at Sceaux that he wrote the Mémoires that made him famous.[133] In 1701 he accompanied Berwick on a mission to Rome to ask the new pope, Clement XI, to support the Jacobites.[134] Anthony criticised the oppressive religiosity of James's later years.[135] In September 1701 James II died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[136] Hamilton wrote a poem about his death, "Sur agonie du feu roi d'Angleterre".[137] In 1703 Louis XIV gave his sister Elizabeth a house called Les Moulineaux in the park of Versailles, where Hamilton visited her often and met courtiers and common friends.[138][139] She found the name too ordinary and renamed it Pontalie.[140]

In 1704 Hamilton visited his friend Gramont at his castle of Séméac in Gascogne where he decided to write Gramont's memoirs.[141] In 1707 his friend Gramont died in Paris.[142][143][144][lower-alpha 14] In 1708 his sister Elizabeth died in Paris.[145][146]

In the summer of 1712 James Francis Edward Stuart, the old Pretender, had to leave Saint-Germain as France was about to drop support for the Jacobites in the Peace of Utrecht.[147] Hamilton was left behind and was allowed to keep his appartment. The dowager queen, Mary of Modena, also was allowed to stay. Louis XIV died in 1715.[148] The Jacobite rising of 1715, which tried to replace George I with the James Francis Edward, failed.

Hamilton never married and died at the Château vieux de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 20 April 1719.[22][149][150][lower-alpha 15]

Timeline
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages. Entries in italics give historical background.
AgeDateEvent
01644 or 1645Born,[lower-alpha 2] probably at Nenagh in Ireland[5]
117 Sep 1646Owen Roe O'Neill took Roscrea.[30]
228 Jul 1647Ormond abandoned Dublin to the Parliamentarians.[154]
313 Nov 1647Battle of Knocknanuss, the Confederates are beaten by Inchiquin.[155]
329 Sep 1648Ormond returned to Ireland landing at Cork.[156]
430 Jan 1649King Charles I beheaded[157]
42 Aug 1649Battle of Rathmines. Michael Jones defeated James Butler, Marquess of Ormond before Dublin.[158]
6Oct 1650Father defended Nenagh Castle against the Parliamentarians.[44]
67 Dec 1650James Butler, Marquess of Ormond leaves Ireland.[159]
7Early in 1651Taken to France by his parents[46]
1529 May 1660Restoration of King Charles II[160]
161660Followed Charles II to Whitehall
1815 Jan 1663Gramont arrived in London;[57]
191663/1664Sister Elizabeth married the chevalier de Gramont.[65][64]
271671Brother George raised an Irish regiment for French servie.[70]
291673Eldest brother James killed in a sea-fight[161]
306 Oct 1674Wounded at the Battle of Entzheim[76]
311675Travelled with George and Richard to England and Ireland to recruit[77]
321676Brother George killed at the Col de Saverne[162]
341678Supposedly succeeded to his brother George's title of "comte d'Hamilton"[87]
3526 Jan 1679Treaties of Nijmegen ending the Franco-Dutch War between France and the Holy Roman Empire.[96]
351679Father died.[163]
3621 Jan 1681Danced as zephyr in a ballet at Saint-Germain in front of Louis XIV.[100]
406 Feb 1685Accession of King James II, succeeding King Charles II[164]
411685Took service in the Irish army
441688Sent to England to protect James II and then returned to Ireland[110]
4413 Feb 1689Accession of William and Mary, succeeding King James II[165]
4412 Mar 1689King James II landed at Kinsale, Ireland[166]
4431 Jul 1689Defeated at Newtownbutler[114]
451 Jul 1690Defeated at the Battle of the Boyne[117]
46Autumn 1690Went to France to report the raise of the Siege of Limerick[120]
5616 Sep 1701James II died at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[167]
601704Started writing the Mémoires du comte de Grammont.
6230 Jan 1707Friend Gramont died in Paris.[143][144][142]
63Mar 1708Anthony should have sailed to Scotland in the attempted invasion, but only Richard went.[168]
633 Jun 1708Sister Elizabeth died in Paris.[145][146]
6811 Apr 1713The Peace of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession; France drops the Jacobites.[147]
691713Memoirs, published anonymously[169]
691 Aug 1714Accession of King George I, succeeding Queen Anne[170]
691715, 1 SepDeath of Louis XIV; Regency until the majority of Louis XV[148]
7122 Dec 1715James Francis Edward Stuart landed at Peterhead, Scotland during the Jacobite rising of 1715.[171]
7420 Apr 1719Died at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, aged 74[172]

Works

Antoine Hamilton is mainly known for a single book: the Mémoires du Comte de Grammont.[173] After this followed some shorter works among which the four short stories: Le Bélier, Fleur d'Epine, Zénéyde, and Les quatre Facardins.

Memoirs

Anthony Hamilton wrote the Mémoires du Comte de Gramont between 1704 and 1710 at the age of 59 to 65. This work made Hamilton one of the classical writers of France. By highlighting the brilliance of the London Restoration court, the book threw into relief the lacklustre nature of the exiled Stuart court. It has even been said to share something with the anti-Jacobite polemic written by John Macky.[174]

Frontispiece of the 1713 edition[169]

The work was said to have been written at Gramont's dictation, but Hamilton's share is obvious and the book situates itself at the cross-roads between memoirs, biography, and fiction.[175]

The work was first published anonymously in 1713,[176][177] apparently without Hamilton's knowledge. The first English translation is the one by Abel Boyer, which appeared in 1714. Walpole's translation is the classical one and used in many editions. It seem it has been published for the first time in 1773 at Strawberry Hill Press. Peter Quennell retranslated the Memoirs in 1930. It was published accompanied with extensive commentary by Cyril Hughes Hartmann.

Other works

In imitation and satiric parody of the romantic tales that Antoine Galland's translation of Thousand and One Nights had brought into fashion, Hamilton wrote four ironic and extravagant contes (fairy tales): Le Bélier, Fleur d'Epine, Zénéyde and Les quatre Facardins. The first, Bélier, was written the explain a new name that his sister Elizabeth wanted to give to her house at Versailles.[178] The saying in Le Belier, "Belier, mon ami, tu me ferais plaisir si tu voulais commencer par le commencement," passed into a proverb. The others he wrote to amuse Henrietta Bulkeley. These tales were circulated privately during Hamilton's lifetime. The first three were published in Paris in 1730, ten years after the author's death; a collection of his Œuvres diverses in 1731 contained the unfinished Zénéyde.[179] An 1849 omnibus entitled Fairy Tales and Romances contained English translations of all his fiction.

Hamilton also wrote some songs and exchanged amusing verses with the Duke of Berwick. He helped his niece, Gramont's daughter Claude Charlotte, who had married Henry Stafford-Howard, 1st Earl of Stafford in 1694,[180] to carry on a witty correspondence with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.[181][182]

Notes and references

Notes
  1. Ó Ciardha (2009) gives Antoine in parentheses after Anthony.[1] Sayous (1853) and Sainte-Beuve (1857) writing in French call him "Antoine Hamilton".[2][3]
  2. Anthony Hamilton died on 20 or 21 April 1719 aged 74.[4] He was therefore born between 21/22 April 1644 and 20/21 April 1645.[5] Older authors give his year of death as 1720 leading to an earlier date of birth (1645 or 1646).[6][7] See at the end of this article. Walpole (1888) gives an earlier but quite vague date.[8]
  3. Ó Ciardha (2009), Manning (2001), and Gleeson (1947) say he might have been born at Nenagh.[1][9][10] However, most older authors give Roscrea as his place of birth.[11] The Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) mentions Drogheda as another possibility.[12]
  4. A list of all the nine siblings can be found in his father's article.
  5. This family tree is partly derived from the Abercorn pedigree pictured in Cokayne[19]
  6. Burke's Peerage (1915) cites a marriage contract dated the 2 June 1629,[32] but Manning cites one dated 14 February 1630.[33]. His granduncle's marriage seems therefore to have been in 1630 rather than in 1629.
  7. Voltaire in error believed Hamilton was born in Caen.[48]
  8. Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery painted about 1700 and attributed to François de Troy.[52]
  9. The girl courted by Louis and Philibert in 1662 was Anne-Lucie de La Motte-Houdancourt, who would marry René-François de La Vieuville in 1676. Walpole, when translating the Mémoires du comte de Gramont, confused her with Anne-Madeleine de Conty d'Argencourt, who had been a lesser mistress of Louis XIV four years earlier, in 1658.[61] Cyril Hughes Hartmann (1924) repeats this error.[62]
  10. See the discussion of that title in the article "George Hamilton"
  11. Ó Ciardha (2009) remarks that it is not sure that Hamilton went with the regiment to England.[112]
  12. The initial amount of this pension was 2000 livres per year; in 1703 it was diminished to 1320 but increased to 2200 in 1717.[125]
  13. The pound sterling was worth about 13 French livres, as one Écu (60 sols or 3 livres) was worth 54.13 pence.[126]
  14. La Chesnaye (1774) and Dangeau (1857a) give the date in N.S., Chisholm (1910), curiously, in O.S.
  15. Auger (1805), Webb (1878), Walpole (1888), and Rigg (1890) in error give his year of death as 1720,[151][152][153][150] but Burke (1915) and Corp (2004a) give 1719,[4][22] which is correct.[22]

Citations
  1. Ó Ciardha 2009, paragraph 1, 1st sentence. "Hamilton Anthony (Antoine) (1646?–1720) ... was probably born in Nenagh"
  2. Sayous 1853, p. 221. "... ce comte de Grammont qui a fourni à Antoine Hamilton, l'historien de sa vie ..."
  3. Sainte-Beuve 1857, p. 95. "Antoine Hamilton, un des écrivain les plus attiques de notre littérature ..."
  4. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 60. "3. Anthony, the celebrated Count Hamilton, author of the "Mémoires de Grammont", Lieut-Gen in the French service, died 20 April 1719, aged 74."
  5. Corp 2004a, p. 766, left column, line 8 of the entry. "He was probably born at Roscrea, co. Tipperary, in 1644 or 1645."
  6. Auger 1805, p. 2, line 1. "Antoine Hamilton d'une ancienne et illustre maison d'Écosse, naquit en Irlande, vers l'année 1646."
  7. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, first paragraph, top. "Hamilton, Anthony, or Antoine (1646–1720), French classical author, was born about 1646."
  8. Walpole 1888, p. 2, line 15. "He [Anthony Hamilton] was, as well as his brothers and sisters, born in Ireland it is generally said, about the year 1646; but there is some reason to imagine that it was three or four years earlier."
  9. Manning 2001, p. 149, line 4. "Gleeson adds that Anthony's father was also governor of Nenagh Castle for his brother-in-law and that Anthony might have been born there."
  10. Gleeson 1947, p. 102. Cited in Manning (2001) p. 149
  11. Walpole 1888, p. 2, line 18. "The place of his birth, according to the best family accounts, was Roscrea, in the county of Tipperary, the usual residence of his father ..."
  12. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, first paragraph, upper middle. "According to some authorities he was born at Drogheda, but according to the London edition of his works in 1811, his birthplace was Roscrea, Tipperary."
  13. Debrett 1828a, p. 63, line 20. "He [George Hamilton] m. [married] Mary, 3d daughter of Thomas, Viscount Thurles, son of Walter, 11th earl of Ormond and sister of James, duke of Ormond, and had issue 6 sons and 3 daughters ..."
  14. Lodge 1789, p. 117. "On 16 October 1627 he succeeded Sir Roger Hope (who died 7 September) in the command of his company in the army."
  15. Burke 1869, p. 2, right column, bottom. "George (Sir) of Donalong, co. Tyrone, and Nenagh, co. Tipperary, created a baronet of Ireland, in 1660, for his services to the royal cause."
  16. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 35. "... Mary 3rd dau. [daughter] of Thomas Viscount Thurles and sister of the 1st Duke of Ormonde. He d. [died] 1679. She d. Aug 1680 ..."
  17. Cokayne 1895, p. 149, line 27. "He [James Butler] was cr. [created] 30 Aug. 1642 Marquess of Ormonde [I. [Ireland]];"
  18. Debrett 1828b, p. 640. "Theobald le Boteler on whom that office [Chief Butler of Ireland] was conferred by King Henry II., 1177 ..."
  19. Cokayne 1910, p. 4. "Tabular pedigree of the Earls of Abercorn"
  20. Cokayne 1910, pp. 2–11
  21. Paul 1904, pp. 37–74
  22. Corp 2004a, p. 768, left column, line 39. "Anthony Hamilton died unmarried at the age of seventy-four at St Germain on 21 April 1719 (not 1720 as stated in many biographies) ..."
  23. Manning 2001, p. 149, line 6. "... there were two George Hamiltons, one being the nephew of the other. The older couple lived at Roscrea Castle and the younger couple, the parents of Anthony Hamilton were at Nenagh."
  24. Metcalfe 1909, p. 234, line 10. "Her husband [the 1st Earl] had been a staunch Protestant, an elder in the Kirk, and a member of the General Assembly."
  25. Metcalfe 1909, p. 234, line 12. "During his [the 1st Earl's] lifetime she had evidently conformed; but after his death she had evidently relapsed."
  26. Manning 2001, p. 149, bottom. "Their [of the 1st earl's children] uncle, Sir George the elder, a staunch Catholic, was made their guardian when the 1st earl died in 1618 and he probably also had an influence on their religion."
  27. Brunet 1883, p. xiv. "Quoique le marquis d'Ormond eût été élevé dans les doctrines du protestantisme, son père, sa mère, tous ses frères et sœurs étaient catholiques. George Hamilton était catholique, Antoine le fut aussi."
  28. Hayes 1943, p. 379. "He [Anthony] was reared in the Catholic religion, which was the religion of his parents, and he adhered to it till his death."
  29. Manning 2001, p. 151 ;ine 36. "This confusion goes back at least to the time of Carte "
  30. Carte 1851, p. 265. "... after taking Roscrea on Sept. 17 [1646], and putting man, woman, and child to the sword, except sir G. Hamilton's lady, sister to the marquis of Ormond ..."
  31. Manning 2001, p. 150, bottom. "... February 28th, 1635 regarding the marriage intended between Hamilton and Mary Butler, sister of the earl, which was to take place before the last day of April [1635]."
  32. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 34. "[Sir George] m. (art. dated 2 June 1629) Mary, 3rd dau. of Thomas, Viscount Thurles ..."
  33. Manning 2001, p. 150, line 20. "The marriage agreement between Hamilton and Walter ... is dated February 14th, 1630 (new style) and in it Walter agreed to pay Hamilton a marriage portion of £1,800."
  34. Manning 2001, p. 150. "... on May 1st 1640 by a grant ... to George Hamilton of Knockanderig ... of the manor, castle, town and lands of Nenagh for 31 years."
  35. Manning 2001, p. 151 line 23. "The younger Sir George fought with the earl of Ormond and is frequently mentioned in accounts of the wars."
  36. Clark 1921, p. 4. "Throughout this time of stress Sir George was a staunch ally to Ormonde and was employed by him on confidential missions."
  37. Airy 1886, p. 54, right column. "... and the cessation was signed on the 15 Sept. [1643]."
  38. Dunlop 1906, p. 530, line 28. " ... convoked a meeting of the clergy to Waterford, where on August 12 a resolution was passed condemning the peace and forbidding its proclamation under pain of excommunication ..."
  39. Sergeant 1913, p. 145, line 21. "For some reason, when the rebel leader Owen O'Neill took Roscrea, Tipperary, the home of the Hamiltons, in September 1646, and put the inhabitants to the sword, he spared Lady Hamilton and her young children—to which act of clemency we owe, incidentally, the Memoirs of Gramont, Anthony then but newly born."
  40. Coffey 1914, p. 207. "... Phelim McTuoll O'Neill stormed Nenagh ..."
  41. Gleeson 1936, p. 257. "It [Nenagh Castle]] was taken by Phelim O'Neill in 1648 ... but was re-taken by Inchiquin ..."
  42. Cokayne 1903, p. 305. "... he was Col. of Foot and Gov. of Nenagh castle"
  43. Clark 1921, p. 5, line 2. "In January 1649, after the peace between the Lord Lieutenant and the Confederates, Sir George was appointed Receiver-General of the Revenues for Ireland, in the place of the Earl of Roscommon who had died."
  44. Warner 1768, p. 228. "... taking Nenagh and two other castles, on the tenth of November, he [Ireton] came to his winter quarters at Kilkenny."
  45. Clark 1921, p. 5, line 19. "When Ormonde left the kingdom in December, 1650, Sir George would have accompanied him with his family, but the clergy having unjustly questioned his honesty as Receiver-General, he was obliged to stay and clear his name, which he did successfully."
  46. Clark 1921, p. 5, line . "In the spring of 1651 took place, at last, the event which had such a determining influence on the fate of the young Hamiltons. Sir George Hamilton left his country for France with his family ..."
  47. Millar 1890, p. 177, left column, line 46. "Marquis of Ormonde, whom he followed to Caen in the spring of 1651 with his wife and family."
  48. Voltaire 1877, p. 573. "Le comte Antoine Hamilton, né à Caen en Normandie, a fait des vers pleins de feu et de légèreté. Il était fort satirique. (Note de Voltaire 1739)"
  49. Clark 1921, p. 8, line 13. "... George, the second son, was made a page to Charles II ..."
  50. Clark 1921, p. 8, line 14. "... James the eldest also joined the wandering court, though the precise nature of his connexion is not known."
  51. Clark 1921, p. 8. "... his [Anthony Hamilton's] mother and his aunt, Lady Muskerry, had apartments at the couvent des Feuillantines in Paris ..."
  52. Corp 2004b, p. 185. "A portrait of Anthony Hamilton can be dated to about 1700 ..."
  53. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, first paragraph, lines lower middle. "The fact that, like his father, he [Anthony Hamilton] was a Roman Catholic prevented his receiving the political promotion ..."
  54. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 38. "1. James, col. in the service of Charles II and Groom of the Bedchamber, m. [married] 1661, Elizabeth, dau. [daughter] of John, Lord Colepeper."
  55. Clark 1921, p. 16. "James Hamilton's marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Colepeper ... took place as early as 1660 or 1661. As the lady was a Protestant, James Hamilton left the Church of Rome shortly before his marriage, to the great sorrow and anger of his devout mother ..."
  56. Clark 1921, p. 14, line 17"... Charles ... obtained the hand of one of the Princess Royal's maids of honour for him."
  57. Saint-Simon 1899, p. 560, line 8. "Il arriva à Londres le 15 janvier 1663, et retrouva entre autres camarades, les Hamilton, de grande maison écossaise et catholique, dont il avait fréquenté plusieurs jeunes gens au Louvre dans l'entourage de la veuve et du fils de Charles 1er."
  58. Auger 1805, p. 2, line 28. "Près de deux ans après le rétablissement de Charles II, arriva à Londres le fameux chevalier de Grammont, exilé de France ..."
  59. Hamilton 1713, p. 104. "La Motte Houdancourt étoit une des filles de la Reine-Mère."
  60. Auger 1805, pp. 2–3. "Près de deux ans après le rétablissement de Charles II, arriva à Londres le fameux chevalier de Grammont, exilé de France pour avoir voulu disputer à son maître le cœur de mademoiselle La Mothe-Houdancourt."
  61. Hamilton 1888, p. 107. "La Motte-Agencourt was one of maids of honour of the queen dowager ..."
  62. Hartmann 1924, p. 58. "Gramont was thoroughly competent to speak on such a matter, seen that his own presence in England was due to the fact that he had been misguided enough to make advances to Mademoiselle La Motte Argencourt, with whom his own master, Louis XIV, was also enamoured."
  63. Auger 1805, p. 2 line 26"... on parloit françois a St.-James presqu'aussi habituellement qu'à Versailles."
  64. Hartmann 1930, p. 378. "The chevalier de Gramont's rare constancy had met with its reward long before, towards the end of December 1663."
  65. Paul 1904, p. 55. "... she [Elizabeth] married in 1664 the dissipated Philibert, Count de Gramont ..."
  66. Saint-Simon 1899, p. 563, line 8. "Le contrat de mariage fut passé sans autre retard, le 9 décembre 1663 (style anglais) ..."
  67. Louis XIV 1806, p. 170. "Au comte de Grammont. Paris le 6 mars 1664. Monsieur Le Comte de Grammont. Il ne faut point que l'impatience de vous rendre auprès de moi, trouble vos nouvelles douceurs. Vous serez toujours le bien-venu ..."
  68. Corp 2004a, p. 766, right colum, last line. "... when he was cashiered for refusing to take the oath of supremacy;"
  69. Clark 1921, p. 32, bottom. "It is more than likely that Anthony accompanied him to France at this time, since we know that the two brothers served there together."
  70. Silke 1976, p. 609. "... in 1671 Sir George Hamilton recruited an infantry regiment of 1,500 for France."
  71. Corp 2004a, p. 766, right column, last paragraph. "They [Anthony and Richard] served in the Franco-Dutch war 1672-8."
  72. Wauchope 2004b, p. 888, right column, line 11. "... George raised a regiment for service in France in 1671 in which both Richard and another brother Anthony ... took commissions."
  73. Rigg 1890, p. 135 right column, line 33. "... in Limerick in 1673 holding a captain's commission in the French army and recruiting for his brother's [George's] corps.
  74. Hamilton 1811, Frontispiece]]
  75. Sergeant 1913, p. 213. "In 1674 he [George Hamilton] was engaged in two desperate struggles between Turenne and the Duke of Bournonville, at Sintzheim on June 16th and at Entzheim on October 6th, on both occasions playing a distinguished part in Turenne's victory."
  76. Clark 1921, p. 54. "George and Anthony were both wounded."
  77. Clark 1921, p. 56, line 10. "He [George Hamilton] left in the very beginning of March [1675], but Anthony was put in charge of the difficult expedition, and with him was his younger brother Richard, who must have entered the French service some time before."
  78. Clark 1921, p. 56, bottom. "All in a sudden, in the first week of April, the French ships arrived unexpectedly in Kinsale."
  79. Clark 1921, p. 56, line 31. "Hamilton expected the French ships on the 8th of March but they did not appear."
  80. Clark 1921, p. 55, line 31. "Turenne defeated them at Mulhouse on the 29th of December and at Turckheim on January 5th. George and Anthony did not, however, take part in these operations ..."
  81. Clark 1921, p. 213, last line. "Hamilton was at his side when the fatal shot struck him down ..."
  82. Atkinson 1946, p. 166, line 15. "... of Hamilton's 450 [killed and wounded]."
  83. Atkinson 1946, p. 166, line 39. "... Condé, who had been securing a strong position on the Meuse, was hurried to Alsace with reinforcements, and was able to hold the Imperialists in check ..."
  84. Historical Manuscripts Commission 1906, p. 6. "... arrivall of Comte Hamilton ... Ye Monsieurs are now come ..."
  85. Clark 1921, p. 63. "Near Saverne Lorraine [i.e. the duc de L.] attacked his [Luxembourg's] rear-guard, commanded by George Hamilton, but was driven back in a fierce combat, in which Hamilton and his regiment fought with all possible bravery ... George Hamilton fell. This was on the 1st of June, 1676."
  86. Sergeant 1913, p. 217. "At the beginning of June [1676] he took part in the battle of Zebernstieg [Col de Saverne] and was engaged in covering the French retreat on Saverne when he was killed by a musket-shot."
  87. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 1. "Anthony Hamilton had inherited his brother's title in 1678."
  88. Clark 1921, p. 32, note 6. "As for Anthony, who is so often styled 'Çount' Anthony, there is no evidence whatsoever to show that he bore this title during his lifetime."
  89. Parfaict 1756, pp. 535–538. "Triomphe de l'Amour, ballet en vingt entrées de M. Quinault ... [p. 538] Zéphyrs. M. le Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon, M. de Vermandois, Messieurs les marquis d'Alincourt, de Moy et de Richelieu, M. le Comte d'Hamilton."
  90. Webb 1878, p. 241, left column, line 12. "Hamilton, Count Anthony was born&nbsp..."]
  91. Corp 2004a, p. 766, right column, line 22. "In 1678, having inherited the title of count from his brother, Anthony left France."
  92. Wauchope 2004a, p. 523, right column, line 10. "... in 1671 was appointed lieutenant-colonel of George Hamilton's Irish regiment in French pay."
  93. Clark 1921, p. 65. "It is somewhat uncertain whether Anthony Hamilton continued to serve in the regiment ..."
  94. Atkinson 1946, pp. 168–169. "'Anthony Hamilton' Sarsfield wrote on 1st July [1676] 'quits'; he was told by Louis that he could not afford to give him a regiment this year."
  95. Atkinson 1946, p. 168 bottom. "... the Lieutenant-Colonelcy going to Richard Hamilton ..."
  96. Lynn 1999, p. 156. "... and peace followed with the emperor on 26 January 1679."
  97. Clark 1921, p. 69, bottom. "In December Louis ... disbanded the regiment d'Hamilton ..."
  98. Auger 1805, p. 5, line 13. "Quelques années auparavant, en 1681, dans un de ces voyages qu'il faisoit en France, il avoit vu ce même St-Germain l'asile des plaisirs et de la volupté, et il avoit été choisi par le roi pour figurer dans le Triomphe de l'amour, ballet de Quinault."
  99. Rigg 1890, p. 135 right column, middle. "He [Anthony Hamilton] appeared as a zephyr in the performance of Quinault's ballet, the 'Triomphe d'amour,' at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1681.
  100. Corp 2004a, p. 766, right column, line 26. "During this period he appeared alongside the dauphin as a zephyr in Lully's ballet Le triomphe de l'amour, which was given twenty-nine performances in the Château de St Germain-en-Laye in January and February 1681."
  101. Wauchope 2004b, p. 888, right column, line 20. "... he [Richard Hamilton] danced before Louis XIV as a zephyr in Quinault's ballet Le triomphe de l'amour at St Germain-en-Laye"
  102. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 46. "James II. ... acc. 6 Feb. 1685 ..."
  103. Clark 1921, p. 74, line 10. "Anthony also took service in Ireland as Sir Thomas Newcomen's Lieutenant-Colonel in his regiment of foot."
  104. Clark 1921, p. 75, line 8. "...  he [Antoine Hamilton] was, however, appointed Governor of Limerick in 1685, in place of the Protestant Governor, Sir William King, who was deposed, and his company quartered in Limerick."
  105. Gibney 2009, paragraph 2. "As governor of Limerick during the anti-catholic scares caused by the ‘popish plot’ of 1678, King took an active and assiduous role in improving fortifications and pursuing suspects, often in association with Orrery."
  106. Clark 1921, p. 75, line 11. "The new Governor went publicly to mass, an event unheard of since 1650."
  107. Lenihan 1866, p. 210. "On the 1st of August, same year, Lieut.-Colonel Anthony Hamilton4 came to Limerick as Governor, in place of Sir William King, who was deposed. Hamilton was the first Governor who for 35 years before publicly went to Mass."
  108. Ó Ciardha 2009, paragraph 2. "In the same year [1685] ... was appointed to James II's privy council."
  109. Bickley 1972, p. 291. "... Stephen Taaff to be ensign of Major Barnwall's company in Col. Anthony Hamilton's Regimentof foot;"
  110. Childs 2007, p. 3. "To strengthen his forces in the face of the Dutch threat, James ordered the better elements of the Irish army into England. One regiment of dragoons, a battalion of the Irish Foot Guards, and Anthony Hamilton's and Lord Forbes's battalions of line infantry ..."
  111. Jones 1982, p. 148. "... Portsmouth, where they remained with ... Colonel Anthony Hamilton's regiments of foot and two regiments of English soldiers, until the surrender of that place on the 20th [December 1688]."
  112. Ó Ciardha 2009, paragraph 3, 2nd sentence. "It is not known whether Hamilton accompanied these forces."
  113. Boulger 1911, p. 109. "The cavalry of his force was commanded hy Anthony Hamilton, and the result showed that he was better with his pen than his sword."
  114. Rigg 1890, p. 135, right column, bottom. "With the rank of major-general he commanded the dragoons, under Lord Mountcashell, at the siege of Enniskillen, and the battle of Newtown Butler on 31 July 1689 was wounded in the leg at the beginning of the action, and his raw levies were routed with great slaughter."
  115. Clark 1921, p. 96. "Anthony was acquitted and Lavallin, who to the end protested that he had repeated the order as it had been given to him, was put to death."
  116. Hogan 1934, p. 287. "... Sa Maiesté ne veut point pour commandant des troupes Irlandoises qui viendront à son service, pas mesme pour un des colonels, des Srs. d'Hamilton qui ont servy en France ..."
  117. Boulger 1911, p. 158. "With regard to Anthony Hamilton, whose name has just been mentioned, it may be stated that he did participate in the cavalry charges."
  118. Ó Ciardha 2009, paragraph 3, last sentence. "He later fought in the second line of cavalry at the Boyne and Limerick"
  119. Simms 1976, p. 501. "... he [William] decided to raise the siege and return to the England at the end of August."
  120. Boulger 1911, p. 199. "[Sept 1688]... he [Tyrconnell] sent Anthony Hamilton to France with news of the raising of the siege ..."
  121. Rigg 1890, p. 136, left column, line 8. "He does not appear to have been present at the battle of Aughrim."
  122. Burke 1869, p. 3, left column, line 27. "John, Colonel in the army of James II., killed at the battle of Aughrim."
  123. Boulger 1911, p. 244. "Major-General John Hamilton, who died at Dublin soon after his wounds."
  124. Corp 2004b, p. 216, line 21. "He [Anthony] never had a post in the royal household&nbsp..."
  125. Corp 2004b, p. 216, note 4. "Hamilton was given a pension of 2000 livres per annum, later reduced to 1320 livres in 1703 but increase to 2200 livres by 1717."
  126. Stanley, Newton & Ellis 1702, 1st table. "The Ecu of France of 60 sols Turnois / 54.13 pence"
  127. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  128. Handley 2004, p. 882, right column. "In Paris on 18 April 1700 he married Anne (c.1675–1751), daughter of Henry Bulkeley, master of the household to James II."
  129. Humphreys & Wynne 2004, pp. 579–580. "Henry Bulkeley (c.1641–1698) fifth but third surviving son of Thomas, 1st Viscount Bulkeley ..."
  130. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 4 . "At the exiled court Hamilton was on particulary good terms with the Duke of Berwick's second wife Anne (née Bulkeley) and her three sisters Charlotte (Viscountess Clare), Henrietta and Laura (both unmarried) ..."
  131. Walpole 1888, p. 2, line . "... he was a particular admirer of Henrietta Bulkeley; but their union would have been that of hunger and thirst, for both were very poor&nbs;..."
  132. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 9. "At the French court Hamilton frequented the circle of the duc and duchesse du Maine, particularly after 1700 when the latter first occupied the Château de Sceaux."
  133. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, first paragraph, penultimate sentence. "With Ludovise, duchesse du Maine, he became an especial favourite, and it was at her seat at Sceaux that he wrote the Mémoires that made him famous."
  134. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 7. "In 1701 he accompanied Berwick on his misson to Rome to obtain the support of the new Pope Clement XI for the Jacobite cause."
  135. Corp 2004b, p. 238. "... Hamilton put it: 'there is no mercy here for those who do not spend half their day at their prayers or at any rate make a show of doing so'.
  136. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 38. "James II (who d. [died] 16 Sept. 1701, at St. Germains, where he was buried.) ..."
  137. Corp 2004b, p. 227. "... his poem: 'Sur l'Agonie du feu Roi d'Angleterre'."
  138. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 12. "In May 1703 Louis XIV gave Hamilton's sister the use during her lifetime of a house near Meudon called 'Les Moulineaux'. In the five years until her death in June 1708 it was much frequented and became the centre of [Anthony] Hamilton's social world."
  139. Clark 1921, p. 122. "When Félix, the chief-surgeon, died in 1703, a small property of his, les Moulineaux, which lay within the grounds of Versailles, fell vacant and the king at once gave it to Madame de Gramont, a present which caused no little talk ..."
  140. Saint-Simon 1895, pp. 112–113. "Le présent des Moulineaux, cette petite maison ... qu'elle appella Pontalie ..."
  141. Corp 2004b, p. 217, line 33. "Hamilton's decision to write the 'Mémoires de la vie du comte de Grammont' his brother in law, was originally taken in 1704, while the two men were at Séméac in Gascogne ..."
  142. La Chesnaye des Bois 1774, p. 642. "Il mourut le 30 janvier 1707, âgé de 86 ans "
  143. Chisholm 1910a, p. 333, first paragraph, bottom. "[Gramont] died on the 10th of January 1707, and the Mémoires appeared six years later"
  144. Dangeau 1857a, p. 293. "Dimanche 30 [Janvier 1707] ... Le comte de Gramont mourut à Paris la nuit passée."
  145. Dangeau 1857b, p. 150. "June 1708. Dimanche 3 ... La comtesse de Gramont mourut à Paris."
  146. Paul 1904, p. 56, line 7. "... she [Elizabeth Hamilton] died, 3 June 1708, aged sixty-seven."
  147. Miller 1971, p. 147, line 8. "On 11 April 1713 the peace was signed at Utrecht: in return for the acknowledgement of his grandson as Philip V of Spain, Louis had had to recognize the Hanoverian and Protestant succession in England."
  148. Goubert 1984, p. 406, line 5. "1715, 1er septembre: Mort de Louis XIV."
  149. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, first paragraph, last sentence. "He died at St. Germain-en-Laye on the 21st of April 1720."
  150. Rigg 1890, p. 136, left column, line 27. "He [Anthony Hamilton] died at St. Germain-en-Laye on 21 April 1720."
  151. Auger 1805, p. 7, line 12. "Hamilton mourut a St.-Germain-en-Laye, le 6 août 1720, âgé d'environ soixante-quatorze ans."
  152. Webb 1878, p. 241, left column. "He died at St. Germain's, in 1720, aged 74."]
  153. Walpole 1888, p. 13. "Hamilton died at St. Germain, in April, 1720, aged about seventy-fou"
  154. Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 29. "On the 28th [July 1647] Ormonde delivered up the regalia and sailed for England, landing at Bristol on 2 Aug."
  155. Coffey 1914, p. 195. "The army then moved to Knocknanuss or Knock-na-gaoll, where on November 13th [1647] Taaffe was routed by Inchiquin."
  156. Airy 1886, p. 56, left column, line 50. "... and in August, he himself began his journey thither. On leaving Havre, he was shipwrecked ... but at the end of September he again embarked, arriving at Cork on the 29th [1648]."
  157. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 17. "Charles I. ... exec. 30 Jan. 1649 ..."
  158. Hayes-McCoy 1990, p. 205, line 29. "The battle of Rathmines, fought on 2 August 1649 ..."
  159. O'Sullivan 1983, p. 284, line 15. "... boarding a small frigate, the Elizabeth of Jersey, at Galway on the 7th December, 1650 ..."
  160. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 39. "Charles II. ... acc. 29 May 1660 ..."
  161. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 40 . "He [James Hamilton] d.v.p. of a wound received in a naval engagement with the Dutch, 6 June 1673 and was buried in Westminster Abbey."
  162. Sergeant 1913, p. 217. "At the beginning of June [1676] he took part in the battle of Zebernstieg [Col de Saverne] and was engaged in covering the French retreat on Saverne when he was killed by a musket-shot."
  163. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 33. "George (Sir), 1st Bt of Donalong, co. Tyrone and Nenagh, co. Tipperary created baronet of Scotland about 1660; ... He d. [died] 1679."
  164. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 46. "James II. ... acc. 6 Feb. 1685 ..."
  165. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 45, line 11. "William III. ... acc. 13 Feb. 1689 ..."
  166. Witherow 1879, p. 55, line 21. "On Tuesday the 12th of March, King James arrived at Kinsale from France ..."
  167. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 38. "James II (who d. [died] 16 Sept. 1701, at St. Germains, where he was buried.) ..."
  168. Luttrell 1857, p. 282. "Besides the French general officers on board, he [James Francis Edward Stuart] had with him 4 of his own country, viz. Dorington, Richard Hamilton, Skelton and Galmoy;"
  169. Hamilton 1713, frontispiece
  170. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 45, line 38. "George I … acc. 1 Aug. 1714;"
  171. Corp 2004b, p. 298. "... he had safely arrived at Peterhead on 2nd [1715]."
  172. Burke & Burke 1915, p. 54, right column, line 60. "3. Anthony, the celebrated Count Hamilton, author of the "Mémoires de Grammont", Lieut-Gen in the French service, died 20 April 1719, aged 74."
  173. Sainte-Beuve 1857, p. 97. "Cést aujourd'hui le seul ouvrage d'Hamilton quón doive relire ..."
  174. Callow 2004, pp. 232 & 239
  175. Drabble 1985, p. 409. "The first part of the memoirs, dealing with Gramont's life on the Continent down to the time of his banishment from the French court, was probably dictated by Gramont to Hamilton. The second part of the memoirs relating to the English court appears to be Hamilton's own work."
  176. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, second paragraph, top. "The work was first published anonymously in 1713 under the rubric of Cologne, but it was really printed in Holland at that time the greatest patroness of all questionable authors."
  177. Corp 2004b, p. 218. "... they were published anonymously and without authorisation the following year [1713], allegedly at 'Çologne' though probably in reality at Rouen."
  178. Auger 1805, p. 23. "... trouvant le nom de Moulineau trop peu digne d'un lieu qu'elle avoit rendu charmant, elle [Elizabeth] changea ce nom en celui de Pontalie. Kamiltoa fut chargé ..."
  179. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, second paragraph, middle. "These tales were circulated privately during Hamilton's lifetime, and the first three appeared in Paris in 1730, 10 years after the death of the author; a collection of his Oeuvres diverses in 1731 contained the unfinished Zénéyde"
  180. & Cokayne 1896, p. 216. "He [Stafford] m. married there [in France], 3 April 1694, Claude-Charlotte, da. [daughter] of Philibert, Count de Gramont ..."
  181. Chisholm 1910b, p. 884, second para, final two lines. "In the name of his niece, the countess of Stafford, Hamilton maintained a witty correspondence with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu."
  182. Auger 1805, p. 14. "Hamilton, qui était le secrétaire en titre d'office de la famille du comte de Grammont, écrivit, au nom de madame de Stafford, plusieurs lettres en prose et en vers, qui se trouvent dans ses oeuvres."

Sources

Hayes, Richard Francis (1943). "Biographical Dictionary of Irishmen in France. Part VII". Irish Historical Studies. XXXII (127): 379–391. JSTOR 30100529.

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