Aphrodite Urania

Aphrodite Urania (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη Οὐρανία, romanized: Aphrodítē Ouranía) was an epithet of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, signifying "heavenly" or "spiritual", to distinguish her from her more earthly aspect of Aphrodite Pandemos, "Aphrodite for all the people".[1] The two were used (mostly in literature) to differentiate the more "celestial" love of body and soul from purely physical lust. Plato represented her as a daughter of the Greek god Uranus, conceived and born without a mother.[2][3] According to Hesiod, she was born from the severed genitals of Uranus and emerged from the sea foam.[4]

For other uses, see Urania (disambiguation).
Venus Urania (Christian Griepenkerl, 1878)
Statue of the so-called 'Aphrodite on a tortoise', 430-420 BCE, Athens.[lower-alpha 1]

Urania and Pandemos

Aphrodite Pandemos was originally an extension of the idea of the goddess Aphrodite to family and city life to include the whole people, the political community. Hence the name was supposed to go back to the time of Theseus, the reputed author of the reorganization of Attica and its demes. Aphrodite Pandemos was held in equal regard with Urania; she was called σεμνή semnē (holy), and was served by priestesses upon whom strict chastity was enjoined. In time, however, the meaning of the term underwent a change, probably due to the philosophers and moralists, by whom a radical distinction was drawn between Aphrodite Urania and Pandemos.

According to Plato, there are two Aphrodites, "the elder, having no mother, who is called the heavenly Aphrodite [Urania] — she is the daughter of Uranus; the younger, who is the daughter of Zeus and Dione — her we call 'common' [Pandemos]." The same distinction is found in Xenophon[3] although the author is doubtful whether there are two goddesses, or whether Urania and Pandemos are two names for the same goddess, just as Zeus, although one and the same, has many titles; but in any case, he says, the ritual of Urania is "purer, more serious", than that of Pandemos.

The same idea is expressed in the statement[5] that after Solon's time courtesans were put under the protection of Aphrodite Pandemos. But there is no doubt that the cult of Aphrodite was on the whole as "pure" as that of any other divinities, and although a distinction may have existed in later times between the goddess of legal marriage and the goddess of free love, the titles Urania and Pandemos do not express that idea.

Etymology and names

According to Herodotus, the Arabs called this aspect of the goddess "Alitta" or "Alilat" (Ἀλίττα or Ἀλιλάτ).[6][7]

The most distinctively Western Asian title of the Greek Aphrodite is Urania, the Semitic "queen of the heavens". It has been explained by reference to the lunar character of the goddess, but more probably signifies "she whose seat is in heaven", whence she exercises her sway over the whole world — earth, sea, and air alike.

Worship

Her cult was first established in Cythera, probably in connection with the purple trade, and at Athens it is associated with the legendary Porphyrion, the purple king. At Thebes, Harmonia (who has been identified as Aphrodite herself) dedicated three statues: of Aphrodite Urania, Pandemos, and Apotrophia.[lower-alpha 2]

Wine was not used in the libations offered to her.[10][11][12]

Iconography

Aphrodite Urania was represented in Greek art on a swan, a tortoise or a globe.[13]

See also

Footnotes
  1. "In the temple is the image of the goddess whom they call Ourania; it is made of ivory and gold and is the work of Pheidias; it stands with one foot upon a tortoise" — Pausanias
    [The tortoise was a symbol of domestic modesty and chastity.]
  2. Ἀφροδίτη Ἀποτροφία, Aphrodítē Apotrophía means "Aphrodite the Expeller", because in this role, she expels lust and evil desires from the hearts of men.[8][9]

References
  1. Schmitz, Leonhard (1870). "Urania 3" . In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. Little, Brown and Company. p. 1284.
  2. Plato. Symposium. 180.
  3. Xenophon. Symposium. 8 § 9.
  4. Hesiod. Theogony. 188–206.
  5. quoted by Athenaeus, 569d, from Nicander of Colophon
  6. Herodotus, i. 131., iii. 8
  7. Schmitz, Leonhard (1870). "Alitta" . In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Little, Brown and Company. p. 132.
  8. Bell, Robert E. (1993). Women of Classical Mythology: A biographical dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780195079777. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  9. Gardner, James, Rev. (2003). "[article title not cited]". Religions of the World. Vol. 1 Aa-Gyro. Indian Publishers Distributors. p. 154. ISBN 9788173413087.
  10. Scholiast. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 101.
  11. Herodotus. [title not cited]. i. 105.
  12. "νηφάλια" ["nephalia" = "without libation"]. Suda.
  13. Freese, John Henry (1911). "Aphrodite" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
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