First statute of the IMRO

Due to the lack of original protocol documentation, and the fact its early statutes were not dated, the first statute of the clandestine Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is uncertain and is a subject to dispute among researchers. The dispute also includes its first name and ethnic character, as well as the authenticity, dating, validity, and authorship of its supposed first statute.[8] Certain contradictions and inconsistencies exist in the testimonies of the founding members of the Organization, which further complicates the solution of the problem. In general, it was often called "the Bulgarian Committee" on the eve of the 20th century.[9][10] It appears the Organization was firstly called Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees (BMARC),[note 1] although this conclusion is still debatable.[11][12][13]

Cover of the statute of the BMARC. Above is an inscription "statute" with the name of the organization below. In the middle is a picture with a seated woman. In her right hand she holds a flag where it is written "Svoboda ili smart". This hand of hers rests on a plinth, on which is depicted standing, enraged Bulgarian lion wearing a crown. With her left hand, the woman holds a shield, on which is written "Macedonia". At the woman's feet lies a broken Ottoman flag with the crescent moon and torn rings of iron chain.[1][2]
Excerpt from the statute of BMARC, (1894 or 1896; in Bulgarian language)[3]
Statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees
Chapter I. – Goal
Art. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions .
Art. 2. To achieve this goal they [the committees] shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas – printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising.
Chapter II. – Structure and Organization
Art. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender, ...
Excerpt of the draft of the statute of the SMARO made by hand on the statute of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.[4] The Organization changed its name and dropped 'Bulgarian' from it, appealing to all dissatisfied elements, regardless of their nationality, to win through a revolution, political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions.[5][6] According to Katardžiev, there is an overlapping of the text of the statutes of BMARC and that of SMARO, and it is clear that when drafting one, the other was used.[7]

Memoirs' controversy

The revolutionary organization set up in 1893 in Ottoman Thessaloniki changed its name several times before adopting in 1919 its last and most common name i.e. Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).[14] The repeated changes of name of the IMRO has led to an ongoing debate between Bulgarian and Macedonian historians, as well as within the Macedonian historiographical community.[15] The crucial question is to which degree the Organization had a Bulgarian ethnic character and when it tried to open itself to the other Balkan nationalities.[16] As a whole, its founders were inspired by the earlier Bulgarian revolutionary traditions.[17] All its basic documents were written in the pre-1945 Bulgarian orthography.[18]

According to the founding member Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs written in 1928, the IMRO was first called the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO). According to another founding member Petar Poparsov, its first name was "Committee for acquiring the political rights of Macedonia, given to it by the Treaty of Berlin".[19] Per Tatarchev, the founders of the IMRO had Zahari Stoyanov's memoir about the April Uprising of 1876, in which the statute of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC) was published, which they took as a model for the organization's first statute.[20] According to Tatarchev, the Adrianople region was not included in the organization's program at first, but was added later.[21][22]

Bulgarian Macedonian–Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees

Discovery of the statute of BMARC

In 1961, Macedonian historian Ivan Katardžiev published a statute and regulations discovered in Skopje naming the organization Bulgarian Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC).[23][24] Copies of this statute and the regulations were later found also in Bulgaria.[25] According to this statute, membership of the Organization was allowed only for Bulgarians.[26] The fact the first statute restricted the membership on an ethnic basis is confirmed by Tatarchev in his memoirs from 1934,[27][28] as well as in the memoirs of other revolutionaries.[29] Per Iliya Doktorov this restriction lasted until 1896, but per Georgi Bazhdarov, who also confirms the name of BMARC as a first one, till after 1900.[30][31] The name of BMARC, as well as information about its statute, was mentioned in the foreign press of that time, in Bulgarian diplomatic correspondence, and exists in the memories of some revolutionaries and contemporaries.[32] Some international, Bulgarian and Macedonian researchers have adopted the view that this was the first statute, i.e. the first official name of the organization.[33][34][35][36]

Macedonian views

Katardžiev claimed that this was the first statute of the organization and under this name, it existed from 1894 until 1896 when it was changed to Secret Macedono-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (SMARO). In 1969, the name BMARC was officially promoted as position of the Macedonian historical community in the second volume of the first ever three-volume History of the Macedonian people, as well as in its one-volume edition, in 1970.[37] Katardžiev also maintained the IMRO revolutionaries had Bulgarian self-awareness.[38][39][40] Per Gane Todorovski from its very name could be concluded this was initially an organization primarily of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia and Adrianople areas.[41] Thus, per Krste Bitovski this was not only the first preserved statute but its original one.[42]

In 1999 this view has been revised by Blaže Ristovski in his "History of the Macedonian nation". He practically adopted the position of his Bulgarian colleagues, the first name of the Organisation was MRO.[43] However, Ristovski fully rejected the statute and the regulations of the BMARC, promoting the weird idea its first preserved statute was that of SMARO.[44] Today many historians in North Macedonia question the authenticity of the statute of BMARC or reject its relation to the IMRO. They claim that IMRO-activists had an ethnic Macedonian identity,[45][46] while the designation Bulgarian is thought to had rather a religious connotation then. Those who accept the existence of the statute claim the term Bulgarian was used ostensibly for tactical reasons because the organization's activity was concentrated primarily on the Bulgarian Exarchist population. Others insist that the founders of the organization were then under the influence of Bulgarian propaganda.[47][48]

Bulgarian views

Bulgarian historians, such as Konstantin Pandev, see the statute and the regulations of BMARC as a confirmation of the Bulgarian ethnic character of the organization.[49][50][51] The definition Macedonian then had a regional meaning,[52] while the ideas of separate Macedonian nation were supported only by a handful of intellectuals.[53] They insist also, except the national designation "Bulgarian" in the name, another part of it is related to the then vilayet of Adrianopole, whose Bulgarian population has not being contested in North Macedonia today.[54] Also, apart from the fact the statute allowed the membership only to Bulgarians, the regulations contain an oath which also confirms its Bulgarian character.[55] In 1969 Pandev promoted the view that the designation BMARC lasted from 1896 until 1902 when it was changed to SMARO, a view adopted by some international and many Bulgarian historians.[56][57][58][59] Thus, the first preserved statute of the organization is that of the BMARC.[60]

Many Bulgarian researchers assume the first name of the organization during 1894-1896 was Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or Macedonian Revolutionary Committee.[61] The view that MRO was its first name, has been adopted also by different international researchers.[62][63][64][65] However, neither statutes nor regulations with such names have not yet been found.[66] Bulgarian researchers suppose that the founding statute of the IMRO still hasn't been discovered or it hasn't survived.[67] According to Poparsov, the first statute's swatch was sent to be printed in Romania, where it burned down in a fire.[68] Some Bulgarian historians do not accept the view of Pandev and adhere to that of Katardziev, i.e., the first statutory name of the organization was BMARC.[69][70][71]

Authorship dispute

According to some Bulgarian and Macedonian researchers, the author of BMARC's statute was Petar Poparsov.[72][73] Other Bulgarian historians assume that the authors of the statute were Gotse Delchev and Gyorche Petrov.[74]

Periodization dispute

The periodization of the Internal Organization’s names is a matter of debate while both the BMARC and SMARO statutes were not dated. As mentioned above, it is believed by Bulgarian historians that in 1896 the first and probably unofficial name MRO was changed to "BMARC", and the organisation existed under this name until 1902. There are still Macedonian historians who acknowledge the existence of the name "ВMARC" in the very early period of the Organisation (1894–1896), but generally today in North Macedonia it is assumed that between 1894 and 1896 it was called MRO, while in 1896–1902 period the name of the organization was "SMARO".[75]

On October 10, 1900, the newspaper "Pester Lloyd", published a short translation of the captured by the Ottoman authorities statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian Revolutionary Committee and regulations of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees. On October 13, the Greek newspaper "Imera" published the same documents.[76] On the other hand, the Austro-Hungarian consul in Skopje Gottlieb Para, in his report of 14.11.1902, attached a document in translation, which he designated as the new statute of the revolutionary organization. This document bears the title: "Statute of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization". It is identical to the document issued in 1902, according to Pandev, as well as with the statute, which according to Katardziev was compiled in 1897.[77] However, Macedonian historians point to the fact that a copy of the "SMARO" statute was kept in London since 1898.[78]

Based on the early 2000s discovery, that the cover of the BMARC rules were dated 1896, the problem when the BMARC regulations were printed, seems to be solved by Bulgarian historian Tsocho Bilyarski.[2][79] However, the regulations were prepared later than the statute.[80] The next statute of SMARO opened membership in the Organization to every Macedonian or Adrianopolitan, regardless of their ethnic origin.[81] The common political agenda declared in the SMARO's statute was the same: to achieve political autonomy of both regions. In 1905 the organization changed its name to Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO).[82]

  • Statute of the BRCC used as a model for the IMRO's first statute. This statute was drawn up in Bucharest in 1872.
    Statute of the BRCC used as a model for the IMRO's first statute.[83] This statute was drawn up in Bucharest in 1872.
  • Regulations of the BMARC
    Regulations of the BMARC published firstly in Skopje in 1961.[84] They continued to be used even after 1902 in the Smolyan-Xanthi revolutionary subdistrict.[85]
  • Excerpt of the draft of the regulations of the SMARO made by hand on the regulations of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.
    Excerpt of the draft of the regulations of the SMARO made by hand on the regulations of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.[86]
  • Vladislav Kovachev, Autonomous Macedonia (1919). He maintains on p. 14 that the first statute allowed the membership only for Bulgarians with a special article.
    Vladislav Kovachev, Autonomous Macedonia (1919). He maintains on p. 14 that the first statute allowed the membership only for Bulgarians with a special article.[87][88]
  • The magazine "Macedonia" (1922) where Georgi Bazhdarov claims on p. 5, the first name of the organisation in its first statute was BMАRC.
    The magazine "Macedonia" (1922) where Georgi Bazhdarov claims on p. 5, the first name of the organisation in its first statute was BMАRC.[89][90]
  • "The Struggle of the Macedonian People for Liberation" (1925) where Dimitar Vlahov maintains on p. 10 that initially, the organization worked only among Bulgarians.
    "The Struggle of the Macedonian People for Liberation" (1925) where Dimitar Vlahov maintains on p. 10 that initially, the organization worked only among Bulgarians.[91]
  • Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs about the creation of the IMRO published in Sofia by Lyubomir Miletich in 1928.
    Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs about the creation of the IMRO published in Sofia by Lyubomir Miletich in 1928.[92]

Notes
  1. (Bulgarian: Български македоно-одрински революционни комитети (БМОРК)

References
  1. Устав на Българските македоно-одрински революционни комитети, съставен след Солунския общ конгрес на организацията, [Солун, 1896 г.]. София: Вътрешната Македоно-одринска революционна организация (1893-1919 г.) – документи на централните ръководни органи. Том 1. Част 1. Съст. Ц. Билярски, И. Бурилкова. София: Държавна агенция „Архиви”, стр. 127-128. 2007.
  2. According to Bilyarski, the covers of both documents are equal. Since he did not have the original statute, he carefully studied the cover of the rules. There in the middle is a seated woman. In her right hand the woman holds a flag on which is written "Svoboda ili smart". This hand of hers rests on a plinth, on which is depicted a lion standing enraged and wearing a crown. With her left hand, the woman holds a shield, which rests on her left knee. On it, on the left side, is written "Macedonia", and on the opposite right side, in very small font, is written "1896". This, according to him, confirms Konstantin Pandev's assumption from 1969, which is based on other indirect arguments, that the year in which the statutes and rules of the BMARC were drawn up and printed was 1896. At the woman's feet lies a broken Ottoman flag with the crescent moon and torn rings of iron chain. For more: Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация (1893-1919 г.) Документи на централните ръководни органи (устави, правилници, мемоари, декларации, окръжни, протоколи, наредби, резолюции, писма). Т. І, ч. 1 и 2. Съст. Ц. Билярски, И. Бурилкова. УИ "Св. Климент Охридски", 2007, ISBN 9789549800623, Увод, стр. 7.
  3. "The Macedonian Revolutionary Organization used the Bulgarian standard language in all its programmatic statements and its correspondence was solely in the Bulgarian language...After 1944 all the literature of Macedonian writers, memoirs of Macedonian leaders, and important documents had to be translated from Bulgarian into the newly invented Macedonian." For more see: Bernard A. Cook ed., Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340583, p. 808.
  4. Bulgarian researcher Tsocho Bilyarski claims that the corrections were made by Delchev, but according to the Bulgarian historian Dino Kyosev, this handwriting is Poparsov's style. For more see: Цочо Билярски, Още един път за първите устави и правилници и за името на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското Въстание от 1903 г. В сборник Дойно Дойнов. 75 години наука, мъдрост и достойнство, събрани в един живот. ВСУ ”Черноризец Храбър”; 2004, ISBN 9549800407.
  5. The change was reflected in the revised IO statutes of 1902 which dropped 'Bulgarian' from the title ; this was now TMORO , and appealed to all dissatisfied elements in Macedonia, not merely Bulgarian ones. For more see: Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians? 2000, Hurst,ISBN 9781850655343, p. 55.
  6. Kat Kearey (2015) Oxford AQA History: A Level and AS Component 2: International Relations and Global Conflict C1890-1941. ISBN 9780198363866, p. 54.
  7. Иван Катарџиев, Борба до победа. Студии и статии. Скопjе, Мисла; 1983 г., стр. 65.
  8. Marinov, Tchavdar. We, the Macedonians: The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912) In: We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009, ISBN 9786155211669. pp. 114-115.
  9. Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction, p. Iviii.
  10. Tchavdar Marinov, Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian identity at the crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian nationalism in Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies with Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov as ed., BRILL, 2013, ISBN 900425076X, p. 300.
  11. Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who are the Macedonians, Indiana University Press, ISBN 9780253213594 p. 53.
  12. Alexander Maxwell, “Slavic Macedonian Nationalism: From 'Regional' to 'Ethnic'." 2008, Ethnologia Balkanica, vol. 11 pp. 127-154; (135).
  13. Dimitar Bechev, Historical dictionary of North Macedonia, 2019; Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9781538119624, p. 11.
  14. Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria; Historical Dictionaries of Europe; Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 1442241802, p. 253-254.
  15. Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge, 2020, ISBN 9780367218263, pp. 40-41.
  16. Vemund Aarbakke (2003) Ethnic rivalry and the quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913, East European Monographs, ISBN 9780880335270, p. 97.
  17. IMRO group modelled itself after the revolutionary organizations of Vasil Levski and other noted Bulgarian revolutionaries like Hristo Botev and Georgi Benkovski, each of whom was a leader during the earlier Bulgarian revolutionary movement. Around this time ca. 1894, a seal was struck for use by the Organization leadership; it was inscribed with the phrase "Freedom or Death" (Svoboda ili smart). For more see: Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Duke University Press, 1988, ISBN 0822308134, pp. 39–40.
  18. Bernard A. Cook ed., Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340583, p. 808.
  19. ВМОРО през погледа на нейните основатели. Спомени на Дамян Груев, д-р Христо Татарчев, Иван Хаджиниколов, Антон Димитров, Петър Попарсов. Съст. Т. Петров, Ц. Билярски. Св. Георги Победоносец; София, 2002, ISBN 9545092335; с. 203-207.
  20. Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Duke University Press, 1988, ISBN 0822308134, pp. 39–40.
  21. Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230.
  22. Димитър Г. Войников, Българите в най-източната част на Балканския полуостров - Източна Тракия. Първо издание, Гл. 23. Административно деление на Европейска Турция. Конгресът на Българските македоно-одрински революционни комитети (БМОРК) в Солун (1896 г.) Обединение на Македонското и Тракийското революционно движение ИК „Коралов и сие”, София 2002.
  23. Иван Катарџиев, Некои прашања за уставите и правилниците на ВМОРО до Илинденското востание, ГИНИ V/1, Скопје 1961. стр. 149 – 164.
  24. Константин Пандев (2000) Националноосвободителното движение в Македония и Одринско 1878-1903, Гутенберг, ISBN 9789549943092, стр. 140.
  25. Пандев, Константин. „Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание“, Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68 – 80
  26. The revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could become a member". For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980, ISBN 0914710559, p. 10.
  27. Цочо Билярски (1994) Д-р Христо Татарчев: Първият ръководител на ВМРО: Биогр. очерк. Знание, стр 50-54; ISBN 9546210056.
  28. "Three essential positions were found in the constitution of the Revolutionary Organization: purpose, composition and means. As a goal, as stated above, the autonomy of Macedonia was accepted, and as a member of the Organization it was allowed that every Bulgarian, from any region, could be a member of the organization, after being baptized according to the established formula - a curse before gospel and dagger as a symbol of responsibility before God and the homeland, and that by conviction, but not against one's will. That decision to accept only Bulgarians as members of the Organization was dictated by the essence and character of the conspiracy, which is why at first it was necessary to recruit members from those environments that were the most oppressed, intellectually and morally elevated, firm and durable in character. In that respect, the Bulgarian people were the most suitable and reliable element and at the same time represented the majority in the country so that the Revolutionary Organization could rely on it without great risks. After all, the founders of the conspiracy came from the middle of the Bulgarian people, so that affinity was very natural for them. They did not hesitate to include even their parents, brothers, etc. in the Organization. in the lines of the conspiracy." Виктор Христовски, "Македонската револуционерна организација и д-р Христо Татарчев", "Мислата за слобода кај македонскиот народ; Конституирање на Македонската револуционерна организација", Скопје, 2017 г. ISBN 9786082452197, стр. 427.
  29. Иван Катарџиев, Борба до победа. Студии и статии. Скопjе, Мисла; 1983 г., стр. 61.
  30. In the beginning, the organization was nationalist. Only Bulgarians with proven honesty were accepted into its ranks. This situation existed until 1896, when in the first days of August in the city of Thessaloniki, a kind of congress took place. For more: „Борбите в Македония - Спомени на отец Герасим, Георги Райков, Дельо Марковски, Илия Докторов, Васил Драгомиров“, Борис Йорданов Николов, ИК „Звезди“, 2005 г., стр. 48, ISBN 9549514560.
  31. In his article "The Wars and the Macedonian Question", published in the magazine "Macedonia. Political, scientific and literary magazine, year I, book IV, Sofia, April 1922, Georgi Bazhdarov wrote about the first name of IMRO, in which "oldest, in its first" statute of the "Bulg. Macedon.-Adr. Revolovut. Committees" it was written that its goal was "autonomy of Macedonia and Adrianople", and in order to achieve this goal, the "consciousness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population" had to be awakened in both areas and that "members of the Organization could be only Bulgarians", and this situation lasted until after 1900.
  32. Цочо Билярски, Още един път за първите устави и правилници и за името на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското Въстание от 1903 г. В сборник Дойно Дойнов. 75 години наука, мъдрост и достойнство, събрани в един живот. ВСУ ”Черноризец Храбър”; 2004, ISBN 9549800407.
  33. Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians? Hurst, 2000; ISBN 1850655340, p. 53.
  34. Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, 2019; Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9781538119624, p. 145.
  35. Carl Cavanagh Hodge as ed., Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914, 2008, Greenwood Press; ISBN 9780313043413, p. 441.
  36. Манол Д Пандевски, Националното прашање во македонското ослободително движење: 1893-1903; Современа општествена мисла, Култура, 1974, стр. 82.
  37. Прилози (1992) Томове 23 – 28, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Отделение за општествени науки, стр. 75.
  38. Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.
  39. Чавдар Маринов, Сто години Илинден или сто години Мисирков? История и политика в Република Македония през 2003 г. сп. Култура - Брой 20 (2587), 30 април 2004 г.
  40. Стефан Дечев: Две държава, две истории, много „истини“ и една клета наука - трета част. Marginalia, 15.06.2018.
  41. Гане Тодоровски, Формирањето на BMPO според ракописните мемоари на Иван Хаџи-Николов. Разгледи, г. XI, бр. 10, Скопје, 1969, стр. 304.
  42. Крсте Битовски (2003) Историја на македонскиот народ, Институт за национална историја, Скопje, p. 162.
  43. Блаже Ристовски, Историја на македонската нација (1999) Македонска академиjа на науките и уметностите, Скопиjе, стр. 197.
  44. Блаже Ристовски, Историја на македонската нација (1999) Македонска академиjа на науките и уметностите, Скопиjе, стр. 204.
  45. James Frusetta "Common Heroes, Divided Claims: IMRO Between Macedonia and Bulgaria". Central European University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4, pp. 110–115.
  46. "However, contrary to the impression of researchers who believe that the Internal organization espoused a "Macedonian national consciousness," the local revolutionaries declared their conviction that the "majority" of the Christian population of Macedonia is "Bulgarian." They clearly rejected possible allegations of what they call "national separatism" vis-a-vis the Bulgarians, and even consider it "immoral." Tschavdar Marinov, We the Macedonians, The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912), in "We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe" with Mishkova Diana as ed., Central European University Press, 2009, ISBN 9639776289, pp. 107-137.
  47. Pandevska, M. (2012). The term “Macedonian(s)” in Ottoman Macedonia: On the map and in the mind. Nationalities Papers, 40(5), 747-766. doi:10.1080/00905992.2012.705265
  48. Pandevska, Maria; Mitrova, Makedonka. (2020). The Concept of the millet in Turkish dictionaries: Its alteration and the impact on Ottoman Macedonia. Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 26. 171-192. DOI:10.14746/bp.2019.26.10
  49. Bulgarian historians for their part, such as Konstantin Pandev (the first to introduce a periodization based on the names), insist that BMORK lasted longer and this proves the essential Bulgarian character of the movement. For more see: Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge, 2020, ISBN 9780367218263, pp. 40-41.
  50. As a Bulgarian historian, Pandev underlined the fact that, since its foundation the organization chose its Bulgarian identity by selecting the name “Bulgarian revolutionary committees." For more see: Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources, 1998 ISBN 9780880333832, p. 39.
  51. Цочо Билярски (1994) Д-р Христо Татарчев: Първият ръководител на ВМРО: Биогр. очерк. Знание, стр 7; ISBN 9546210056.
  52. Иван Н. Николов, ВМРО и Иван Михайлов в защита на българщината, 2008, УИ Св. "Кл. Охридски", ISBN 9789549384116, стр. 65.
  53. Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 68, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0810862956, p. 140.
  54. The "Adrianopolitan" part of the organization's name indicates that its agenda concerned not only Macedonia but also Thrace — a region whose Bulgarian population is by no means claimed by Macedonian nationalists today. Marinov, Tchavdar. We, the Macedonians: The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912) In: We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009, ISBN 9786155211669 p. 115.
  55. The text of the oath begins as follows: I swear by God, my faith and my honor that I will fight to the death for the freedom of the Bulgarians in Macedonia and Adrianople region... For more see: Вениамин Терзиев, Българският характер на славянското население в Македония, Университетско изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1995; ISBN 9789540706030, стр. 73.
  56. Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41.
  57. Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entstehung und etwicklung bis 1908. Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.
  58. Лабаури Дмитрий Олегович, Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг., Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София, Академическое изд. им. проф. Марина Дринова, 2008, стр.7,
  59. Ivo Banac, "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", Cornell University Press, 1984, pp. 307–328.
  60. Its first preserved statute is from the General Congress held in Thessaloniki in the spring of 1896. There, the organization was named the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees. For more: Ива Бурилкова, Цочо Билярски, БКП, Коминтернът и македонският въпрос (1917-1946) - Том 2; Държавна агенция „ Архиви”, 1998, ISBN 9549800040, стр. 563.
  61. Стоян Германов (1992) Руската общественост и революционното движение в Македония и Одринско 1893-1908. Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски". стр. 14.
  62. Brown, Keith (2013). Loyal Unto Death Trust and Terror in Revolutionary Macedonia. Indiana University Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780253008473.
  63. Perry M., Duncan (1988). The Politics of Terror and The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1903. Duke University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780822308133.
  64. Horncastle, James (2019). The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949. Lexington Books. p. 43. ISBN 9781498585057.
  65. Maria Todorova (2004). Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 238. ISBN 1850657157.
  66. Цочо Билярски, Първите програмни документи на ВМОРО до есента на 1902 г., Известия на държавните архиви, София, 2004, кн. 87, с. 200-275.
  67. Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge, 2020, ISBN 9780367218263, pp. 40-41.
  68. ВМОРО през погледа на нейните основатели. Спомени на Дамян Груев, д-р Христо Татарчев, Иван Хаджиниколов, Антон Димитров, Петър Попарсов. Съст. Т. Петров, Ц. Билярски. Св. Георги Победоносец; София, 2002, ISBN 9545092335; с. 203-207.
  69. Любомир Панайотов, Христо Христов, Гоце Делчев спомени, документи, материали, Институт за история (Българска академия на науките) Наука и изкуство, 1978, стр. 86.
  70. Стоян Райчевски, Валерия Фол, 1993, Кукерът без маска. УИ "Св. Климент Охридски", София стр. 201.
  71. Божидар Димитров, Български старини в Македония (2000) Анико, София; ISBN 954-90700-2-6 стр. 22.
  72. Манол Пандевски (1987) Македонското ослободително дело во XIX и XX век, Т.1, Националното прашање во македонското ослободително движење: 1893-1903, стр. 86.
  73. Lambi V. Danailov, Stilian Noĭkov, Natsionalno-osvoboditelnoto dvizhenia v Trakija 1878-1903, Tom 2, Trakiĭski nauchen institut, Izd. na otechestvenia front, 1971, str. 81-82.
  74. Христо Христов, Енциклопедия: Пирински край. А-М; Благоевград, том 1, 1994, ISBN 9789549000610, стр. 178.
  75. Ѓорѓиев, Ванчо, Петар Поп Арсов (1868–1941). Прилог кон проучувањето на македонското националноослободително движење. 1997, Скопjе, стр. 167-168.
  76. Цочо Билярски, Още един път за първите устави и правилници и за името на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското Въстание от 1903 г. В сборник Дойно Дойнов. 75 години наука, мъдрост и достойнство, събрани в един живот. ВСУ ”Черноризец Храбър”; 2004, ISBN 9549800407.
  77. Die Makedonische Frage: Ihre Entstehung Und Entwicklung Bis 1908. By Fikret Adanir. Frankfurter Historische Abhandlungen, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1979. xii, 283 pp. DM 64, paper; p. 112.
  78. Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria). From Elliot. 1898; Устав на ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет "Кирил и Методиј":Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, page 331 – 333.
  79. Valkov, Martin, The Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Idea for Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace, 1893-1912; M.A. dissertation, Central European University (Budapest, 2010), p. 5.
  80. The author of the regulations Ivan Hadzhinikolov points out: finally we decided that we should write a rules and I was instructed in 1895 to prepare them. For more: Д . Димески, Создавањето на Македонската револуционерна организација и нејзината организациона поставеност (1893-1895), Историја XXII/1, Скопје 198Б, стр. 70.
  81. The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian (and also Adrianopolitan) was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on. While this message was taken aboard by many Vlachs as well as some Patriarchist Slavs, it failed to impress other groups for whom the IMARO remained, as the British journalist and relief worker Henry Brailsford and others called it, ‘‘the Bulgarian Committee.’’ For more see: Bechev, Dimitar. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction.
  82. Peter Kardjilov, The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkans (Volume One) Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2020, ISBN 9781527550735, p. 3.
  83. Захари Стоянов. Текст на устава на БРЦК публикуван в "Записки по българските въстания". София: Виртуалната библиотека „Словото“ из том 1 на Записките. Разкази на очевидци, 1870-1876. 1977..
  84. Ванчо Ѓорѓиев, "Устав и Правилник на Бугарските Македоно - Одрински Револуционерни Комитети [1894 г.] (PDF). Скопје: "ВМРО 1893-1903. Поглед низ документи", Матица Македонска. 2013.
  85. According to a note left by the historian Lyubomir Panayotov, the editor of Hristo Karamandzhukov's memoirs, the BMARC regulations were found in the revolutionary's archive. They were issued in 1898, and were replaced by a new ones in 1902, however in the Smolyan revolutionary subdistrict, they continued to be in use afterwards. Христо Ив. Караманджуков, Родопа през Илинденско-Преображенското въстание. (Изд. на Отечествения Фронт, София, 1986) стр. 107.
  86. Архив Гоце Делчев, Съставители Ива Борилкова и Цочо Билярски, Издателство: Захарий Стоянов, 2020; ISBN 9789540914275, Предговор.
  87. Ковачовъ, Владиславъ. Автономна Македония (PDF). София: Печатница С. М. Стайковъ. 1919.
  88. Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация (1893-1919 г.) Документи на централните ръководни органи (устави, правилници, мемоари, декларации, окръжни, протоколи, наредби, резолюции, писма). Т. І, ч. 1 и 2. Съст. Ц. Билярски, И. Бурилкова. УИ "Св. Климент Охридски", 2007, ISBN 9789549800623 стр. 142.
  89. Георги Баждаров, "Войните и Македонския въпрос" (PDF). София: сп. "Македония. Политическо, научно и литературно списание", год. I, книга IV, София, печатница „Витоша“. 1922.
  90. сп. "Македония", Том 1, София, 1922, стр. 5. "+четемъ+: Digitized on 15 April 2013 at Cornell University.
  91. Борбите на македонския народ за освобождение. Димитъръ Влаховъ. Виена: Библиотека Балканска Федерация, № 1, ВМРО (Обединена). 1925.
  92. Въ Македония и Одринско: Спомени на Михаилъ Герджиковъ. II. Първиятъ Централенъ комитетъ на ВМРО.: Спомени на д-ръ Христо Татарчевъ. Съобщава Л. Милетичъ (PDF). София: Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение, Издава Македонскиятъ Наученъ Институтъ, Книга IX, Печатница П. Глушковъ. 1928.
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