CAESAR self-propelled howitzer

The CAmion Équipé d'un Système d'ARtillerie (English: Truck equipped with an artillery system) or CAESAR[2] is a French 155 mm, 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer. It is installed on a 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis that can fire 39/52 caliber NATO-standard shells. Equipped with an autonomous weapon network incorporating an inertial navigation system and ballistic computer, the CAESAR can notably accurately strike targets more than 40 kilometres (25 mi) away using ERFB (Extended Range, Full Bore) ammunition with base bleed,[3] or targets over 55 kilometres (34 mi) away using rocket assisted or smart ammunition.

CAESAR
French Army CAESAR preparing to fire
TypeSelf-propelled howitzer
Place of originFrance
Service history
In service2008–present
WarsWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Cambodian–Thai border stand-off
Operation Serval
Operation Chammal
Battle of Mosul (2016–17)
Battle of Baghuz
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designed1992–1999
ManufacturerGIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems)
Produced2004–present
Specifications
Mass17.7 tonnes (6×6)
28.7-30.2 tonnes (8×8)[1]
Length10 m (32 ft 10 in)
12.3 m (40 ft 4 in) (8x8)[1]
Width2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)
2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) (8x8)[1]
Height3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)
3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) (8x8)[1]
Crew5-6 (3, emergency)
Main
armament
155 mm/52-calibre
Secondary
armament
None
EngineDiesel
Suspension6x6 wheel
Operational
range
600 km (370 mi)
Maximum speed On-road: 100 km/h (62 mph)
Off-road: 50 km/h (31 mph)

Units manufactured for the French Army use a 6x6 Renault Sherpa 5 chassis,[4] while exported versions use the 6x6 Unimog U2450L chassis or the 8x8 Tatra 817 chassis. The CAESAR platform was developed by French defense contractor GIAT Industries (now known as Nexter) and has been exported to various countries including Belgium, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Ukraine.

Development

CAESAR was developed in the 1990s as a technology demonstrator by the French state-owned company GIAT Industries, in cooperation with Lohr Industrie. It was first shown in public in 1994. Four years later, a pre-production model underwent trials with the French Army.[5]

In peacetime the production rate at Nexter was understood to be 10 CAESARs per year.[6] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine boosted demand. By early 2023 Nexter's factory in Bourges was producing between two and four units per month in continuous operation. It was planned to produce eight CAESARs a month by December 2023.[7]

The gun uses a special kind of shell, the LU.211, which is produced at Les Forges de Tarbes,[8] within the confines of the town arsenal.[9] The forge was privatized in November 2021 by a French firm which had recently been recapitalized by 100m€.[9][10] In 2020 the Ministre des armées signed a contract worth 25m€ for the plant to supply shells to the French Army for the future decade. The privatization furnished 9m€ each year for 2021–2024. In autumn 2021 the firm supplied an extra 2m€ to modernize the plant, which also produces 120mm shells for the Leclerc MBT.[11] The production rate was 1,500 CAESAR shells per month in March 2023.[8]

Design
CAESAR howitzer on a Unimog U2450L 6x6 chassis

The CAESAR is a wheeled, 155mm 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer. It holds 18 rounds and is typically operated by a crew of five, though if necessary the CAESAR can be operated by a crew as few as three.[12] It can be transported by a C-130 or A400M heavy cargo aircraft. It has a firing range of approximately 42 kilometres (26 mi) using an Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) shell,[13] and more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) using rocket assisted shells. The system is integrated with a fully computerized system, providing automatic control. During Eurosatory 2006, CAESAR was exhibited with an automated laying system based on the SIGMA 30 inertial navigation system.

It is fast to set up for firing and to leave the firing position; it can fire six rounds and move away within two minutes.[1]

Indonesian CAESAR self-propelled howitzer

In February 2022, Nexter was awarded a contract by the French Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) for the development of the CAESAR 6x6 Mark II new generation (NG) artillery system. The Mark II features a new chassis with a more powerful 460 hp engine and new automatic gearbox, new fire control software, and a Level 2 mine and ballistic armored cabin raising the vehicle's weight to 25 tonnes (27.56 tons). The contract begins a four-year development phase, after which the Mark II will enter production. In 2024, the DGA will choose whether to start production of 109 newly built Mark IIs or to procure 33 new vehicles while retrofitting the 76 CAESARs already in service.[14][15]

CAESAR 8x8
CAESAR 8x8 of the Royal Danish Army on a Tatra 817 chassis

The CAESAR 8x8 uses a modified Tatra 817 8x8 chassis, allowing a higher degree of mobility.[16] It is fitted as standard with an unarmoured forward control four-person cab, with an optional fully-armoured cab. Gross vehicle weight would depend on the level of armour protection, but is about 30 tonnes. It is powered by a 410 hp diesel engine.[17] It holds 36 rounds.[18] It was launched by Nextert at DSEI 2015.

Operational deployment

Eight CAESARs were sent to Afghanistan during the summer of 2009 to support French operations. They were deployed[19] on 1 August 2009[20] by the 3rd Marine Artillery Regiment (3è RAMa), followed by five others, deployed as a firebase in FOB Tora, Tagab and Nijrab. They are fitted with cabin armor add-ons, with fireport.

The French Army deployed this system in southern Lebanon as part of the UNIFIL peace keeping force.

During Operation Serval in Mali, four CAESAR were deployed by the 68e régiment d'artillerie d'Afrique (68th Artillery Regiment of Africa).[21]

In April 2011, the Royal Thai Army used the CAESAR against Cambodia's BM-21. The Thai Army claimed that they destroyed two or more BM-21 systems.[22]

Several CAESAR were deployed in Mali by France during Operation Serval, in which they saw action in the Battle of Ifoghas, amongst others. France also deployed four CAESAR to Iraq for the Battle of Mosul, where French forces supported the Iraqi Army's operation to reclaim Mosul from ISIL from October 2016 to July 2017.[23] Multiple CAESAR were deployed to Iraq on the border with Syria from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by the Islamic State group. They deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the United States Army to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.[24]

CAESAR howitzers may have been used by Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni war against civilian targets.[25]

CAESAR howitzers were provided by France and used by Ukraine in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[26]

Operators

Summary table
Operators
(April 2023)		 Order Deliveries Donation
[ + / - ]		 Known Losses
[-]		 Operational
Caesar (Mk1) Caesar NG (Mk2) Sherpa5 6x6 Unimog U2450L

6x6

 Tatra817

8x8

 Caesar NG (Mk2)

Armis 6x6

Belgium Belgium — 9 + 19 — — — — (+ 28) — — 0
Czech Republic Czechia 52 + 10 — — — — (+ 62) — — — 0
Danish Realm Denmark 15 + 4 — — — 19 — - 19 — 0
France France 77 + 30 33[27] 77 (+ 30) — — — (+ 33) -18 (-12) - 1 58
Indonesia Indonesia 37 + 18 — 55 — — — — — 55
Lithuania Lithuania — 18 — — — — (+ 18) — — 0
Morocco Morocco 36 — 4 (+ 32) — — — — — 4
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 80 — — 80 — — — — 80
Thailand Thailand 6 — 6 — — — — — 6
Ukraine Ukraine — — — — — — 37 (+ 12) - 1 36
TOTAL 365 79 142 80 19 0 0 - 2 239
444 241
  To be produced and delivered
  Transfer for Ukraine
  • (in brackets, promises of donation, not transferred yet)
  • the Danish Army didn't use the Caesar operationally before its transfer to Ukraine


Map of CAESAR operators in blue

Current operators
  • France France: The first order (for 5 howitzers) was placed on 20 September 2000. The first five units were delivered in 2003. Following the evaluation, the main order of 72 units was made in late 2004. In July 2008, the first cannon of the first series of eight was delivered to the French Army.[28] Although the order had not been signed as of 2015, a requirement was set for 32 more CAESAR on the Tatra 8x8 chassis to replace the last Auf1 gun by 2030[29]
  • Indonesia Indonesia: The Indonesian Army acquired 37 CAESAR units for $240 million, the first two arriving in mid September 2012. Another 18 were purchased in a follow-up order signed in February 2017.[30][31]
  • Morocco Morocco In early 2020, Morocco inked the purchase of 36 CAESAR 6x6 howitzers.[32][33][34] The contract included €170 million for the artillery pieces, €30 million for the ammunition.[35] The delivery started in September 2022
  • Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia: In 2006, GIAT announced a 76-unit sale plus a 4-unit option to an unspecified foreign customer, later confirmed to be Saudi Arabia.[36] The 4 optional units became firm sales in January 2007, with the first two units to be assembled in France and the other 78 in Saudi Arabia.[37] In March 2010, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) accepted its first four of a projected 100 systems.[38]
  • Thailand Thailand: The 6 CAESAR is operated by the Royal Thai Army (RTA) from 2010, ordered in 2006, mounted on the Sherpa 6x6 truck chassis.[2][36]
  • Ukraine Ukraine: 18 howitzers as of October 2022, with another 31 to be delivered. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, France sent 12 CAESARs to the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[39][40] On 22 April 2022, 40 Ukrainian soldiers arrived in France for training on the system.[41][26][42] Now operated by the 55th Artillery Brigade. The provision of 6 more CAESAR howitzers was announced by President Macron on 16 June 2022, bringing the total number donated to 18 6x6 variants.[43] On 19 January 2023, the Danish defense minister announced that 19 8x8 variants that were to be delivered in the first half of 2023 to the Danish army would instead be donated to Ukraine.[44][45] On 31 January 2023, France pledged an additional 12 Caesar howitzer for Ukraine.[46]On the 28th of April 2023, it is announced that the 19 8x8 CAESAr 8x8 given by Denmark have been delivered to the Ukrainian Army.[47]

Future operators
  • Belgium Belgium: Following the acquisition of the Griffon and Jaguar within the CaMo-program, Belgium decided in 2021 to order 9 CAESAR NG 6x6 howitzers in a contract of approximately €48 million. In June 2022 a €62 million contract was signed for an additional 19 CAESAR NG to be delivered between 2025 and 2027.[48][49]
  • Czech Republic Czech Republic: In June 2020, CAESAR 8x8 won a €200 million contract for the Czech Army. The Army decided to buy 52 howitzers that will be installed on the Czech Tatra 815–7T3RC1 8×8.[50] 10 additional units ordered in December 2022.[51]
  • Lithuania Lithuania In June 2022 Lithuania joined the CAESAR NG (Mk2) program with an order for 18 units, with first deliveries expected in 2026.[52][53]

Potential operators
  • Brazil Brazil: The CAESAR was offered to the Brazilian Army as part of the "VBCOAP 155mm SR" program for the acquisition of 36 self-propelled howitzers.[54] Among the competitors are the Brazilian project "Sistema de Artillería 155mm/52 AP SR Tupã" by Avibras Aeroespacial, potentially the Artillery Gun Module by KMW (derived from the PzH2000) The other, and main competitor is the ATMOS 2000 presented by Elbit Systems. Elbit is a strong competitor as it has subsidiaries in Brazil (ARES Aerospacial e Defesa and AEL Sistemas) which would guarantee the logistical support and a technology transfer.
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom: The army is looking for a replacement of the AS-90 by the years 2032 (Mobile Fire Platform). All types of self-propelled howitzer are being considered. 116 guns are to be acquired:[55]
  • United States United States: The Army is interested in a more mobile platform. Some "Mobile Howitzer Trials and Shoot-Off" had been occurring in 2021.[55] The systems tested were the CAESAR, the ATMOS 2000, the Archer and the Nora B-52. The Army was impressed by the Archer,[58] very positive with the Caesar.[59] But not much has filtered out regarding a potential order of one of these systems. As some M777 were donated to Ukraine, it is possible that the US would consider a truck mounted variant to compensate it and ensure the capacity of the Army.
  • Iraq Iraq: The Iraqi Army has shown some interest for the Caesar system in 2022.[60]

Failed sales
  • Colombia Colombia: The Caesar was one of the competitors of the program "Soberana", intended to provide the future 155mm artillery system. . The other competitors were the ATMOS 2000 and the Turkish Yavuz SPh 6x6 by MKE. 1 January 2023, Indodefensa announced that the Colombian Army was about to notify the contract for the Caesar 6x6 to Nexter for US$101.7 million.[61] But on 3 January 2023, Colombia announced the order of 18 ATMOS 2000 for US$101.7 million.[62]
  • Danish Realm Denmark: Nexter and the French Government expected to be the only bidder to replace the Caesar. But several reasons pushed Denmark to select the ATMOS 2000 manufactured by Soltam Systems.
    • The production backlog of the Caesar would delay the delivery of a much needed long range artillery system.[63]
    • France had pressured Denmark for almost a year in donating its Caesar to Ukraine.[64]
    • The delivery of the Caesar 8x8 was delayed for three years (2023 instead of 2020) due to development problems. The donation to Ukraine was an opportunity for Denmark to change its supplier as there was some trust issue.[65] As the Danish Army is interested in purchasing eight PULS launchers, a multiple rocket launcher by Elbit Systems. And it already uses the Cardom, a 120mm self-propelled mortar also manufactured by Soltam Systems. This means that Denmark will have one supplier for the artillery.[66]
  • India India: The army is looking to modernize its artillery. The Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan defined in 2021 the way to be followed, focusing on the made in India. In total, around 3,000 to 3,600 155 mm guns would be procured over 15 years. As part of this plan, the Indian Army is expecting.[67]
    • 145 ULH (ultra-light air-portable howitzers) - 145 already ordered and half delivered with the M777
    • 100 self-propelled tracked gun systems - 100 K9 Vajra-T and delivered, 100 additional orderes in September 2022
    • 580 towed gun systems
    • 814 truck mounted guns (MGS program = multi-terrain gun system). A RFI was issued on 3 April 2021, with the intent to acquire a truck mounted howitzer capable to be deployed in deserts, high altitude and mountainous terrains.[69][70]
      • CAESAR was offered in 2014 as part of a collaboration between Nexter Systems & Larsen & Toubro. The system is mounted on a Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6x6. India was initially interested in an MGS, 200 that would be ordered off shelf, and later 614 manufactured locally. As part as the "Make in India" initiative, this program was modified to favor local designs. Therefore, the Caesar will not be used by India.
      • MGS 155mm L/52, an Indian system developed by OFB, BEML and BEL[71] which is being tested.
      • MArG 155-BR, (Multi-terrain Artillery Gun), developed by the Kalyani group:
        • 155mm L/39 gun is a steel variant of the TC-20 / ULH (ultra light howitzer)
        • 4x4 High Mobility Vehicle
  • Switzerland Switzerland: The Swiss Army needs to replace its M109 KAWEST by the beginning of the years 2030. In 2017, the project was initiated to define the needs of the Army. In 2019, call for bids were sent to the potential manufacturers. In June 2022, the Swiss Army selected two competitors for the evaluation phase:
    • RCH 155 Artillery Gun Module, KMW offers two potential platforms
      • Boxer AFV, which has been developed and is being manufactured for the Ukrainian Army
      • Piranha V, which is manufactured in Switzerland, and has some elements in common with the Piranha IV used by the Swiss Army as a mortar carrier.[73]
    • Archer Artillery System (FH77BW L52) offered by BAE Bofors with the Rheinmetall HX2 8x8 truck platform. The Swedish Army uses the variant based on the Volvo A30D articulated truck. Some are sold to the UK, others donated to Ukraine. And the Swedish Army is developing the variant based on the Rheinmetall HX2 8x8 as 24 were ordered in 2022.
  • On display, side profile of deployed howitzer
    On display, side profile of deployed howitzer
  • On display, close up of system
    On display, close up of system
  • Live fire in Afghanistan, August 2009
    Live fire in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • CAESAR gun line in Afghanistan, August 2009
    CAESAR gun line in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • Preparing to load the breech in Afghanistan, August 2009
    Preparing to load the breech in Afghanistan, August 2009
  • 9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade Bastille Day (2013)
    9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade Bastille Day (2013)
  • Ukrainian artillerymen using a French-supplied CAESAR during the Russo-Ukrainian War
    Ukrainian artillerymen using a French-supplied CAESAR during the Russo-Ukrainian War

See also

References
Citations
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