List of large volcanic eruptions

This is a sortable summary of the pages Timeline of volcanism on Earth, List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions, and Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references. They are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume. This is not a comprehensive list.

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

<12KA (Holocene)

Common Era (CE)

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume bulk (km³)	Material volume DRE (km³)	Date	Tephra or eruption name
5	Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai	Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc	9.5 9.5–10[1]	7.1 7.1[2]	January 15, 2022	2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
5	Puyehue-Cordón Caulle	Andean Volcanic Belt	0.76 0.76–1.26[3]	Unknown	June 4, 2011	2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5	Mount Hudson	Andean Volcanic Belt	4.3 4.3–7.6[4]	1.6 1.6–2.7[5]	August 8, 1991
6	Mount Pinatubo[6]	Luzon Volcanic Arc	10 10[7]	4.8 4.8–6.0[8]	June 15, 1991	1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5	El Chichón[6]	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2.2 2.2	1.1 1.1[9]	April 4, 1982	Tephra unit A
5	Mount St. Helens[6]	Cascade Volcanic Arc	2.8 2.8[10]	0.5 0.5[11]	May 18, 1980	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5	Mount Agung	Sunda Arc, Bali	1.0 1	Unknown	March 17, 1963
5	Bezymianny[lower-alpha 1]	Kamchatka	1.9 1.9	Unknown	March 30, 1956
5	Quizapú	Andean Volcanic Belt	9.5 9.5	7 7–10[14]	1932 April 10–21, 1932
6	Novarupta[6]	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	26 26–30	13 13–14[15]	June 6, 1912
6	Santa María[6]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	10.7 10.7–11.4	6.4 6.4[15]	October 24, 1902
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	2.0 2	Unknown	1886 June 10–15, 1886	1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6	Krakatoa[6]	Sunda Arc	18 18–25	9.0 9.0[16]	August 26, 1883	1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5	Askja	Iceland	1.8 1.83	Unknown	March 28, 1875
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	2.0 2	Unknown	February 18, 1854
5	Cosigüina	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	4.3 4.25	Unknown	January 20, 1835
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	2.0 2	Unknown	October 8, 1822
7	Mount Tambora[6]	Sunda Arc, Sumbawa	144 144-213	37 37-50[17]	April 10, 1815	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5 1.5	Unknown	1800 c.1800	T (Goat Rocks)
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1.7 1.7	Unknown	1707 December 16, 1707	Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	21 21	12 12[18]	1660 c.1660	Tibito tephra
5	Mount Melibengoy,[19]	Mindanao, Philippines	1.0 1	Unknown	1640 December 26, 1640
6	Huaynaputina	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	34 34–35	12 12.2[20][21]	1600 February 19, 1600
5	Kelud	Sunda Arc, Java	1.0 1	Unknown	1586 c.1586
6	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	13.5 13.5	Unknown	1580 c.1580	BM2
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5 1.5	Unknown	1482 c.1482	We (Kalama)
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	7.7 7.7	Unknown	1480 c.1480	Wn (Kalama)
6	Bárðarbunga	Iceland	10 10	Unknown	1477 c.1477	Veidivatnahraun
6	Öræfajökull	Iceland	10 10	Unknown	1362 June 5, 1362
6	Quilotoa	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	21 21	Unknown	1280 c.1280
7	Mount Samalas	Lombok Island	81 81–92	33 33–40[22]	1257 c.1257	1257 Samalas eruption[lower-alpha 2]
5	Mount Asama	Honshū	1.3 1.3	Unknown	1108 August 29, 1108	Tennin eruption (1108)
5	Hekla	Iceland	1.2 1.2	Unknown	1104 c.1104	H1 tephra
7	Baekdu Mountain[6]	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	40 40–98	10 10–64[24]	0946 c.946	Millennium eruption Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5	Towada[25]	Honshū	6.5 6.54	Unknown	0915 c.915	Eruption episode A
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	24 24	Unknown	0683 c.683	Rabaul Pyroclastics
6-7	Unknown source	Unknown[lower-alpha 3]	Unknown	Unknown	0536 c.536	Volcanic winter of 536
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.2 1.2	Unknown	0472 c.472	Pollena
6-7	Lake Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador	104 104–207	44 44–95[26][27]	0430 c.430	Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
7	Taupō Volcano[6]	Taupō Volcanic Zone	110 110	Unknown	0232 c.232[lower-alpha 4]	Hatepe eruption
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	3.2 3.25	Unknown	0079 c.79[lower-alpha 5]	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6	Ambrym	Vanuatu	70 70	Unknown	0050 c.50	Ambrym Pyroclastic Series

Before Common Era (BCE)

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume bulk (km³)	Material volume DRE (km³)	Date	Age in Ka[28]	Tephra or eruption name
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	25 25+[29]	15 15+[30]	-0043 43 BCE	2	Okmok II
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1.0 1	Unknown	-0122 122 BCE	2.1	S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6	Raoul Island	Kermadec Islands	28.8 28.8	Unknown	-0250 250 BCE	2.2	Fleetwood
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2 1.2	Unknown	-0530 530 BCE	2.5	Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5 12.5	Unknown	-1050 1050 BCE	3	Maraunot eruptive period
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.75 1.75	Unknown	-1350 1350 BCE	3.3	Tephra layer IIAV3
6	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	17 17	Unknown	-1460 1460 BCE	3.4	Waimihia eruption
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	3.6 ≥ 3.6	Unknown	-1500 1500 BCE	3.5	Tephra layer AV1
7	Youngest Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	123 123	31 31	-1610 1610 BCE	3.6	Minoan eruption
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	15.3 15.3	Unknown	-1860 1860 BCE	3.8	Yn (Smith Creek)
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	12 12	Unknown	-1890 1890 BCE	3.8
6-7	Deception Island[31]	South Shetland Islands	Unknown	30 30-60	-2030 2030 BCE	4	Outer Coast Tuff
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10 > 10	Unknown	-2040 2040 BCE	4	biliau beds
7	Paektu Mountain	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	Unknown	Unknown	-2264 2264 BCE?	4.2 - 5.1[32]	Tianwenfeng eruption
7	Cerro Blanco (Argentina)	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	172 172	8 8–83[33]	-2300 2300 BCE	4.3
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2 1.2	Unknown	-2340 2340 BCE	4.3	Yb (Smith Creek)
6-7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12 12?	Unknown	-3550 3550 BCE	5.5	Crow Valley eruptive period
7	Taal Volcano	Luzon Volcanic Arc	150 150>	90 90[34]	-3580 3580 BCE	5.5	Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
6	Masaya Volcano	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	14.8 14.8	Unknown	-4050 4050 BCE	6
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	4.0 ≥ 4	Unknown	-4340 4340 BCE	6.3	Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7	Macauley Island	Kermadec Islands	100 ⩽ 100	Unknown	-4360 4360 BCE	6.3
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	18 18	Unknown	-4750 4750 BCE	6.7
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	18.6 18.6	Unknown	-5550 5550 BCE	7.5	Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6	Khangar	Kamchatka	15 15	Unknown	-5700 5700 BCE	7.7	KHG tephra
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	9 9	Unknown	-5980 5980 BCE	7.9	Tephra layer IAv2
6	Menengai	East African Rift	70 70	Unknown	-6050 6050 BCE	8
6	Karkar Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20 20	Unknown	-6318 6318 BCE	8.3	Wadau deposit
6	Karymsky	Kamchatka	14.5 14.5	Unknown	-6600 6600 BCE	8.6	Tephra layer KRM
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	10 ⩾10	Unknown	-7460 7460 BCE	9.4	Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
6	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	11.5 11.5	Unknown	-8000 8000 BCE	10	Inner Caldera Formation
7	Semisopochnoi Island	Aleutian Arc	120 120	Unknown	-8000 8000 BCE	10
6	Grímsvötn	Iceland	15 15	Unknown	-8230 8230 BCE	10.2	Saksunarvatn tephra
6	Longonot	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	50 50	Unknown	-8910 8910 BCE	10.9

Exact year unknown

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume bulk (km³)	Date (eariest est.)	Date (latest est.)	Tephra or eruption name
6?	Between Indonesia and Tonga[lower-alpha 6]	Unknown	Unknown	1808 c.1808	1809 c.1809	Undocumented 1808 eruption[36]
7	Unknown	Northern Hemisphere[37]	Unknown	1452 c.1452	1453 c.1453	1452/1453 mystery eruption
6	Ceboruco	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	10.9 10.95	0730 c.730	1130 c.1130	Jala Pumice
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20	0635 c.635	0785 c.785	Witori-Galilo tephra
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska	10	0145 c.145	0345 c.345	WRAn
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	18.5	0140 c.140	0340 c.340	KS1
6	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	18	-0150 150 BCE	0150 c.50
5	Mount Meager massif	Garibaldi Volcanic Belt	⩾ 1	-0610 610 BCE	-0210 210 BCE	Bridge River eruption
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	30	-1530 1530 BCE	-1210 1210 BCE	Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1	-1550 1550 BCE	-1450 1450 BCE
6	Mount Aniakchak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50	-1636 1636 BCE	-1446 1446 BCE	Aniakch
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	3.5	-1870 1870 BCE	-1670 1670 BCE	Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
6	Black Peak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30	-2050 2050 BCE	-1750 1750 BCE
5	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	1.8	-6150 6150 BCE	1850 c.1850	Agnano Monte Spina
6	Mount Veniaminof	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	> 50	-2455 2455 BCE	-2153 2153 BCE	V2
6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.0	-2460 2460 BCE	-2380 2380 BCE	Avellino eruption
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.5	-3350 3350 BCE	-3050 3050 BCE	Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10	-4210 4210 BCE	-3790 3790 BCE	Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	170–185[lower-alpha 7]	-5353 5353 BCE	-5215 5215 BCE	Akahoya eruption
7	Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama)	Cascade Volcanic Arc	120[lower-alpha 8]	-5832 5832 BCE	-5734 5734 BCE	Mazama Tephra
5-6	Crater Lake	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 9	-5950 5950 BCE	-5850 5850 BCE	Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6	Mount Aniakchak	Aleutian Arc	30	-7550 7550 BCE	-5050 5050 BCE	Aniakchak I
6	Tao-Rusyr Caldera	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	55	-6438 6438 BCE	-6258 6258 BCE
7	Kurile Lake	Kamchatka	155	-6462 6462 BCE	-6416 6416 BCE	Ilinsky eruption
5-6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	5.1	-7040 7040 BCE	-6840 6840 BCE	Mercato eruption
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	75	-8456 8456 BCE	-6096 6096 BCE	Okmok I
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58	-7535 7535 BCE	-7347 7347 BCE	PPR3 - Link fall
6	Ulleung	South Korea	28.5	-8305 8305 BCE[40]	-8227 8227 BCE[40]	Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
6	Lvinaya Past	Kuril Islands	75	-8756 8756 BCE	-8614 8614 BCE
7	Fisher Caldera	Unimak, Aleutian Arc	142[lower-alpha 9]	-9114 9114 BCE	-8330 8330 BCE	Fisher Tuff

12 to 49KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[42]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50	12	caldera formation
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	< 25	12.3	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20	12.5	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11	12.8	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20	12.9
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9	14.6
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79	14.9	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5	15
6	Towada	Honshū	56	15.6	eruption episode L
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	15.7
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3	19.3	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100	19.3	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200	20
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 10	21	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1	21	Caldera formation 2
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	> 20	21.8	Cape Riva
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9	22	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Katmai	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	⩾ 10	22.8	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170	26.5	Oruanui eruption	First documented Supervolcanic eruption, and last known volcanic eruption with a VEI of 8.
6	Morne Diablotins	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14	26.6	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc	Unknown	27-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2	28.6	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	29.1	Y3
6	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50	29.3	Dawson Tephra
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4	29.7
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 - 1,040[43]	30[40]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10	30.8	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 30	32.2	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11	32.8	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58	33.3	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150	33.6	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.25	34	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84	34.6	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25	35	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10	35.3[25]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1	35.6	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46	36	eruption episode N
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10	38.3[25]	Nu-r
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120	39	Southern sea cliffs
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170	39.3	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	430 - 680	39.9	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	40
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40	40	Caldera I
6	Ugashik-Peulik	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30	40	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10?	40[40]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70	41	Irosin Ignimbrites
6	Qualibou	Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11	42.3	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.32	42.5	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 DRE[25]	43[45]	Kt-1
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150	43.6	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15	43.7	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9	44	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60	44.5	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225	44.5	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10[25]	45	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	> 115	45	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49	45
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 - 390[46]	46	caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[47]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 DRE	50	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	50	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1	51	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235	52	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Mount Kujū	Kyūshū	12[48]	53.5	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.75	54	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 DRE	50 - 60	Kt-3
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	56	X2
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	40	56	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Daisen	Honshū	40	59.6[40]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50	60	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10	61	eruption episode Q
6	Newberry Volcano	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 12.5	62.5	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6	Hakone	Honshū	20	66	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5	69.4	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37	69	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	24	70	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde		73
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10	73	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 (DRE) - 13,200[49]	74	Youngest Toba Tuff	The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period.[50]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10	74	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	> 11 DRE	75	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.35	80	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42	80	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10	80	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25	81	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10	82.8	X4; I-7
7-8	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300	84	Los Chocoyos eruption	This eruption gave way for the Lake Atitlan
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 DRE	84	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25	85	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 DRE	84 - 87	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 - 1,860[43]	87	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 DRE	87 - 106	Kt-8

100 to 299KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[51]	Tephra or eruption name
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	Unknown	100	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90	100	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14	100	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50	100	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Boroi Ignimbrites
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350	100[40]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20	105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Tangkuban Perahu	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10	105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310[43]	106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33	106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	106.2	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	108.9	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175	117.5	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220	124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150	130	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	50	141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?	143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	150	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	150
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110	161	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE[52]	164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)	175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50	176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	Unknown	180
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5	182.3
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	230	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150	240	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	240	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O'a Caldera	Ethiopia	276	240	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	Unknown	266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46	278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	280	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	280	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175	280

300 to 999KA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ka[53]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	300	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	300	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460	300	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	320
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	321	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū	Unknown	370	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200	370	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc	Unknown	390
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90	410	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150	430	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375	440	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon	Unknown	440	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	450	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	450
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	500	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138	500	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	520	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	560
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū	Unknown	580	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	600	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6	Mount Lassen	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75	610	Rockland Caldera formation
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000	631	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150	650	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	650	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū	Unknown	650
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	680	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	710	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	Eastern California	790	760	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	830	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	Unknown	840	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290[49]	840		Oldest Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	870	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 - 950	870		A low-end supereruption
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	950	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	970	Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma[54]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
7	North Vate	Vanuatu	Unknown	1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū	Unknown	1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	> 130	1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1,000	1.09
8	Gakkel Ridge Caldera	Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean	3000	1.1
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100	1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Kulshan Caldera	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 117.5	1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite	Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū	Unknown	1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	Unknown	1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.2	Unit D
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)	690	1.223	Upper Bandelier Tuff
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	> 280 (DRE)	1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū	Unknown	1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Unknown	1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.4	Unit C
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	Unknown	1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake[55]	Honshū	Unknown	1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	690	1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Unknown	1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Young Island	Valleny Islands	100	1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800	1.705
7	Mount Hotakadake[55]	Honshū	Unknown	1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Unknown	1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	⩾ 100	1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka	Unknown	1.78
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	Unknown	1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō	Unknown	1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū	Unknown	2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū	Unknown	2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	2
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	2,160	2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	290	2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7	Mount Jiigatake[55]	Honshū	Unknown	2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030	2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey	Unknown	2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
^^^^Quaternary^^^^
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500	2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	Unknown	3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800	4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300	5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	Unknown	8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	10-8.6
8	Grey's Landing Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>2,800[56]	8.72	Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>1,700[56]	8.99	McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Age in Ma[57]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	010 10 – 10.2	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	950	011 10 – 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	011.5 11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	011.6 11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	012.7 12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	012.8 12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū	Unknown	012.8 12.8
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	012.8 13.9-12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū	Unknown	013 13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	013 13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field	Unknown	013.3 13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	013.1 15.1-13.1
8	Ōdai Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	013.7 13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū	Unknown	013.7 13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku	Unknown	014 14
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū	Unknown	014.4 14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100	015 15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015 15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Unknown	015 15.5-15
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū	Unknown	015.1 15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?	Unknown	015.5 16.5-15.5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.7 15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	015.8 15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	016 16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot	Unknown	016.5 16.5	Oregon Canyon Tuff
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000	019 19	Oxaya Ignimbrites
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Unknown	019 19	Joe Lott member
^^^^Neogene^^^^
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field	Unknown	023 23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000	027.8 27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff	Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8?	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028 28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field	Unknown	028 28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028.1 28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field	1000	028.2 28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico	Unknown	028.5 28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	Unknown	029.2 29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen	Unknown	029.5 29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	Yemen	Unknown	029.6 29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900	030 30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff	The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada	Unknown	033 33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico	Unknown	034.9 34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff	City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado	Unknown	035.3 35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group	Unknown	050 50
^^^^Paleogene^^^^
8	Deccan Traps	West-central India	Unknown	066 66		This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū	Unknown	070 70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau	Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands	Unknown	121 121		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps	Unknown	132 132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong	Unknown	140 140
^^^^Cretaceous^^^^
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy	Unknown	274 277–274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[58]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex	Unknown	317 325-317[58]	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley	Unknown	374 374[59]		Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.[59][60]
8	Glen Coe	Scotland	Unknown	420 420[61]
8	Scafells	Lake District	Unknown	450 450+[62]

Notes

Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980.[12][13]
May have triggered the Little Ice Age[23]
Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
Sources give either ±5 or ±10
First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike[35]
70–80 DRE[38]
61 DRE[39]
10–100 DRE[41]

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