Flower chafer

Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.

Flower chafer
Cetonia aurata, the green rose chafer
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Subfamily: Cetoniinae
Leach, 1815

Twelve tribes are presently recognized: Cetoniini, Cremastocheilini, Diplognathini, Goliathini, Gymnetini, Phaedimini, Schizorhinini, Stenotarsiini, Taenioderini, Trichiini, Valgini, and Xiphoscelidini.[1] The tribe Gymnetini is the biggest of the American tribes, and Goliathini contains the largest species, and is mainly found in the rainforest regions of Africa.

Description

Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The elytra lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the pygidium. The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size.[2][3]

A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra.[4]

Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the prothorax. Each antenna has the apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral stridulating area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline.[2]

Biology

Adult cetoniines are herbivorous, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit.[2][3]

Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied nymphs of Auchenorrhyncha. Spilophorus spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds,[5] while Spilophorus maculatus has been recorded feeding on Oxyrhachis sp. nymphs[6] and Hoplostomus fuligineus is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the pupae of the wasp Belonogaster petiolata. Campsiura javanica feeds on the larvae of Ropalidia montana in southern India.[7] Cremastocheilus stathamae feeds on ants of the genus Myrmecocystus.[8]

In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (thanks to the emargination of the elytra).[4]

Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs.[2][4]

Systematics and taxonomy

The tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, with some notable genera also listed, are:[9]

Tribus Cetoniini
Protaetia cuprea ignicollis

Subtribus Cetoniina

  • Aethiessa Burmeister, 1842
  • Anatona Burmeister, 1842
  • Anelaphinis Kolbe, 1912
  • Aphelinis Antoine, 1987
  • Atrichelaphinis Kraatz, 1898
  • Atrichiana Distant, 1911
  • Badizoblax Thomson, 1877
  • Callophylla Moser, 1916
  • Centrantyx Fairmaire, 1884
  • Cetonia Fabricius, 1775
  • Chewia Legrand, 2004
  • Chiloloba Burmeister, 1842
  • Cosmesthes Kraatz, 1880
  • Cosmiophaena Kraatz, 1899
  • Dischista Burmeister, 1842
  • Dolichostethus Kolbe, 1912
  • Elaphinis Burmeister, 1842
  • Enoplotarsus Lucas, 1859
  • Erlangeria Preiss, 1902
  • Gametis Burmeister, 1842
  • Gametoides Antoine, 2006
  • Glycosia Schoch, 1896
  • Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842
  • Gymnophana Arrow, 1910
  • Hemiprotaetia Mikšič, 1963
  • Heteralleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Heterocnemis Albers, 1852
  • Heterotephraea Antoine, 2002
  • Lawangia Schenkling, 1921
  • Lorkovitschia Mikšič, 1968
  • Marmylida Thomson, 1880
  • Mireia Ruter, 1953
  • Niphobleta Kraatz, 1880
  • Pachnoda Burmeister, 1842
  • Pachnodoides Alexis & Delpont, 2002
  • Paleopragma Thomson, 1880
  • Paralleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Paranelaphinis Antoine, 1988
  • Paraprotaetia Moser, 1907
  • Pararhabdotis Kraatz, 1899
  • Parastraella Antoine, 2006
  • Parelaphinis Holm & Marais, 1989
  • Phaneresthes Kraatz, 1894
  • Phoxomeloides Schoch, 1898
  • Podopholis Moser, 1915
  • Podopogonus Moser, 1917
  • Polybaphes Kirby, 1827
  • Polystalactica Kraatz, 1882
  • Protaetia Burmeister, 1842
    • Liocola Thomson, 1859
    • Potosia Mulsant & Rey, 1871
  • Protaetiomorpha Mikšič, 1968
  • Pseudoprotaetia Kraatz, 1882
  • Pseudotephraea Kraatz, 1882
  • Reineria Mikšič, 1968
  • Rhabdotis Burmeister, 1842
  • Rhabdotops Krikken, 1981
  • Rhyxiphloea Burmeister, 1842 (= "Rhixiphloea")
  • Simorrhina Kraatz, 1886
  • Somalibia Lansberge, 1882
  • Stalagmosoma Burmeister, 1842
  • Sternoplus Wallace, 1868
  • Systellorhina Kraatz, 1895
  • Tephraea Burmeister, 1842
  • Thyreogonia Reitter, 1898
  • Trichocelis Moser, 1908
  • Trichocephala Moser, 1916
  • Tropinota Mulsant, 1842
  • Xeloma Kraatz, 1881

Subtribus Euphoriina

Subtribus Leucocelina

  • Acrothyrea Kraatz, 1882
  • Alleucosma Schenkling, 1921
  • Amaurina Kolbe, 1895
  • Analleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Cyrtothyrea Kolbe, 1895
  • Discopeltis Burmeister, 1842
  • Grammopyga Kraatz, 1895
  • Heteralleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Homothyrea Kolbe, 1895
  • Leucocelis Burmeister, 1842
  • Lonchothyrea Kolbe, 1895
  • Mausoleopsis Lansberge, 1882
  • Mecaspidiellus Antoine, 1997
  • Molynoptera Kraatz, 1897
  • Molynopteroides Antoine, 1989
  • Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842
  • Paleira Reiche, 1871
  • Paralleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Phoxomela Schaum, 1844
  • Pseudalleucosma Antoine, 1989
  • Pseudooxythyrea Baraud, 1985

Tribus Cremastocheilini

Subtribus Aspilina

  • Aspilus Schaum, 1848
  • Protochilus Krikken, 1976

Subtribus Coenochilina

  • Arielina Rossi, 1958
  • Astoxenus Péringuey, 1907
  • Basilewskynia Schein, 1957
  • Coenochilus Schaum, 1841
  • Ruterielina Rojkoff, 2010

Subtribus Cremastocheilina

  • Centrochilus Krikken, 1976
  • Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1857
  • Cremastocheilus Knoch, 1801
  • Cyclidiellus Krikken, 1976
  • Cyclidinus Westwood, 1874
  • Cyclidius MacLeay, 1838
  • Genuchinus Westwood, 1874
  • Lissomelas Bates, 1889
  • Paracyclidius Howden, 1971
  • Platysodes Westwood, 1873
  • Psilocnemis Burmeister, 1842

Subtribus Cymophorina

  • Cymophorus Kirby, 1827
  • Myrmecochilus Wasmann, 1900
  • Rhagopteryx Burmeister, 1842

Subtribus Genuchina

  • Genuchus Kirby, 1825
  • Meurguesia Ruter, 1969
  • Problerhinus Deyrolle, 1864

Subtribus Goliathopsidina

  • Goliathopsis Janson, 1881

Subtribus Heterogeniina

  • Heterogenius Moser, 1911

Subtribus Lissogeniina

  • Chtonobius Burmeister, 1847
  • Lissogenius Schaum, 1844

Subtribus Macromina

  • Brachymacroma Kraatz, 1896
  • Campsiura Hope, 1831
  • Macromina Westwood, 1874
  • Pseudopilinurgus Moser, 1918

Subtribus Nyassinina

  • Nyassinus Westwood, 1879

Subtribus Oplostomatina

  • Anatonochilus Péringuey, 1907
  • Laurentiana Ruter, 1952
  • Oplostomus W.S. MacLeay, 1838
  • Placodidus Péringuey, 1900
  • Scaptobius Schaum, 1841

Subtribus Pilinurgina

  • Callynomes Mohnike, 1873
  • Centrognathus Guérin-Méneville, 1840
  • Parapilinurgus Arrow, 1910
  • Periphanesthes Kraatz, 1880
  • Pilinurgus Burmeister, 1842

Subtribus Spilophorina

  • Spilophorus Schaum, 1848

Subtribus Telochilina

  • Telochilus Krikken, 1975

Subtribus Trichoplina

  • Lecanoderus Kolbe, 1908
  • Trichoplus Burmeister, 1842

Subtribus Trogodina

  • Pseudoscaptobius Krikken, 1976
  • Trogodes Westwood, 1873

Tribus Diplognathini
  • Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838
  • Anthracophora Burmeister, 1842
  • Anthracophorides Moser, 1918
  • Apocnosoides Antoine, 2001
  • Charadronota Burmeister, 1842
  • Conradtia Kolbe, 1892
  • Diphrontis Gerstäcker, 1882
  • Diplognatha Gory & Percheron, 1833
  • Eriulis Burmeister, 1842
  • Hadrodiplognatha Kraatz, 1898
  • Heteropseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933
  • Lamellothyrea Krikken, 1980
  • Metallopseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933
  • Niphetophora Kraatz, 1883
  • Odontorrhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Parapoecilophila Hauser, 1904
  • Phonopleurus Moser, 1919
  • Pilinopyga Kraatz, 1880
  • Porphyronota Burmeister, 1842
  • Pseudinca Kraatz, 1880
  • Stethopseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933
  • Tetragonorhina Kraatz, 1896 (= "Tetragonorrhina")
  • Trichostetha Burmeister, 1842
  • Triplognatha Krikken, 1987
  • Trymodera Gerstaecker, 1867
  • Uloptera Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Goliathini
Mecynorhina ugandensis

Subtribus Dicronocephalina

  • Dicronocephalus Hope, 1837

Subtribus Goliathina

  • Fornasinius Bertoloni, 1853
  • Goliathus Lamarck, 1801
  • Hegemus J. Thomson, 1881
  • Hypselogenia Burmeister, 1840

Subtribus Ichnestomatina

  • Gariep Péringuey, 1907
  • Ichnestoma Gory & Percheron, 1833
  • Karooida Perissinotto, 2020
  • Mzansica Perissinotto, 2020
  • Paraxeloma Holm, 1988

Subtribus Rhomborhinina

  • Anagnathocera Arrow, 1922
  • Anisorrhina Westwood, 1842
  • Asthenorhella Westwood, 1874 (= "Asthenorrhella" Bergé, = "Asthenorrhinella" Schoch)
  • Asthenorhina Westwood, 1843 (= "Asthenorrhina" Gemminger & Harold)
  • Bietia Fairmaire, 1898
  • Bothrorrhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Caelorrhina Hope, 1841 (= "Coelorrhina" Burmeister)
  • Cheirolasia Westwood, 1843
  • Chloresthia Fairmaire, 1905
  • Chlorocala Kirby, 1828
  • Chondrorrhina Kraatz, 1880
  • Compsocephalus White, 1845
  • Cosmiomorpha Saunders, 1854
  • Cyphonocephalus Westwood, 1842
  • Desfontainesia Alexis & Delpont, 1999
  • Dicellachilus Waterhouse, 1905
  • Dicheros Gory & Percheron, 1833
  • Dicronorhina Hope, 1837 (= "Dicranorrhina" Burmeister, "Dicronorrhina" Burmeister)
  • Diphyllomorpha Hope, 1843
  • Dymusia Burmeister, 1842
  • Euchloropus Arrow, 1907
  • Eudicella White, 1839
  • Eutelesmus Waterhouse, 1880
  • Gnathocera Kirby, 1825
  • Gnorimimelus Kaatz, 1880
  • Hemiheterorrhina Mikšić, 1974
  • Herculaisia Seilliere, 1910
  • Heterorhina Westwood, 1842 (= "Heterorrhina")
  • Ingrisma Fairmaire, 1893
  • Ischnoscelis Burmeister, 1842
    Ischnoscelis hoepfneri
  • Jumnos Saunders, 1839
  • Lansbergia Ritsema, 1888
  • Lophorrhina Westwood, 1842
  • Lophorrhinides Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019
  • Mawenzhena Alexis & Delpont, 2001
  • Mecynorhina Hope, 1837
  • Moseriana Ruter, 1965
  • Mystroceros Burmeister, 1842
  • Narycius Dupont, 1835
  • Neomystroceros Alexis & Delpont, 1998
  • Neophaedimus Schoch, 1894
  • Neoscelis Schoch, 1897
  • Pedinorrhina Kraatz, 1880
  • Petrovitzia Mikšić, 1965
  • Plaesiorrhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Platynocephalus Westwood, 1854
  • Priscorrhina Krikken, 1984
  • Pseudodiceros Mikšić, 1974
  • Pseudotorynorrhina Mikšič, 1967
  • Ptychodesthes Kraatz, 1883
  • Raceloma J. Thomson, 1877
  • Rhamphorrhina Klug, 1855
  • Rhinarion Ruter, 1965
  • Rhomborhina Hope 1837 (= "Rhomborrhina" Burmeister)
  • Scythropesthes Kraatz, 1880
  • Smicorhina Westwood, 1847
  • Spelaiorrhina Lansberge, 1886
  • Stephanorrhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Taurhina Burmeister, 1842 (= "Taurrhina" Kraatz)
  • Tmesorrhina Westwood, 1842
  • Torynorrhina Arrow, 1907
  • Trichoneptunides Legrand, 2001
  • Trigonophorinus Pouillaude, 1913
  • Trigonophorus Hope, 1831

Tribus Gymnetini

Subtribus Blaesiina

  • Blaesia Burmeister, 1842
  • Halffterinetis Morón and Nogueira, 2007

Subtribus Gymnetina

  • Allorhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Amazula Kraatz, 1882
  • Amithao J. Thomson, 1878
  • Argyripa J. Thomson, 1878
  • Astrocara Schürhoff, 1937
  • Badelina J. Thomson, 1880
  • Balsameda J. Thomson, 1880
  • Chiriquiba Bates, 1889
  • Clinteria Burmeister, 1842
  • Clinteroides Schoch, 1898
  • Cotinis Burmeister, 1842
  • Desicasta J. Thomson, 1878
  • Guatemalica Poll, 1886
  • Gymnetina Casey, 1915
  • Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819
    Gymnetis stellata
  • Gymnetosoma Martínez, 1949
  • Hadrosticta Kraatz, 1892
  • Heterocotinis Martínez, 1949
  • Hologymnetis Martínez, 1949 (synonym = Cineretis Schürhoff, 1937)
  • Hoplopyga J. Thomson, 1880
  • Hoplopygothrix Schürhoff, 1933
  • Jansonella Blackwelder, 1944
  • Macrocranius Schürhoff, 1935
  • Marmarina Kirby, 1827
  • Neocorvicoana Ratcliffe & Micó, 2001
  • Stethodesma Bainbridge, 1840
  • Tiarocera Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Phaedimini

Tribus Schizorhinini

Subtribus Lomapterina

  • Agestrata Eschscholtz, 1829
  • Ischiopsopha Gestro, 1874
  • Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833
  • Lomapteroides Schoch, 1898
  • Megaphonia Schürhoff, 1933
  • Morokia Janson, 1905
  • Mycterophallus Van de Poll, 1886

Subtribus Schizorhinina

  • Anacamptorrhina Blanchard, 1842
  • Aphanesthes Kraatz, 1880
  • Axillonia Krikken, 2018
  • Bisallardiana Antoine, 2003
  • Chalcopharis Heller, 1901
  • Chlorobapta Kraatz, 1880
  • Chondropyga Kraatz, 1880
  • Clithria Burmeister, 1842
  • Diaphonia Newman, 1840
  • Digenethle Thomson, 1877
  • Dilochrosis Thomson, 1878
  • Eupoecila Burmeister, 1842
  • Grandaustralis Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013
  • Hemichnoodes Kraatz, 1880
  • Hemipharis Burmeister, 1842
  • Lenosoma Macleay, 1863
  • Lethosesthes Thomson, 1880
  • Lyraphora Kraatz, 1880
  • Macrotina Strand, 1934
  • Metallesthes Kraatz, 1880
  • Microdilochrosis Jákl, 2009
  • Microlomaptera Kraatz, 1885
  • Micropoecila Kraatz, 1880
  • Navigator Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2016
  • Neoclithria Van de Poll, 1886
  • Neorrhina J. Thomson, 1878
  • Octocollis Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012
  • Panglaphyra Kraatz, 1880
  • Peotoxus Krikken, 1983
  • Phyllopodium Schoch, 1895
  • Platedelosis Kraatz, 1880
  • Poecilopharis Kraatz, 1880
  • Pseudoclithria Van de Poll, 1886
  • Schizorhina Kirby, 1825
  • Schochidia Berg, 1898
  • Stenopisthes Moser, 1913
  • Storeyus Hasenpusch & Moeseneder 2010
  • Tafaia Valck Lucassen, 1939
  • Tapinoschema Thomson, 1880
  • Territonia Krikken, 2018
  • Trichaulax Kraatz, 1880

Tribus Stenotarsiini

Subtribus Anochiliina

  • Anochilia Burmeister, 1842
  • Epistalagma Fairmaire, 1880

Subtribus Chromoptiliina

  • Chromoptilia Westwood, 1842
  • Descarpentriesia Ruter, 1964

Subtribus Coptomiina

  • Bricoptis Burmeister, 1842
  • Coptomia Burmeister, 1842
  • Coptomiopsis Pouillaude, 1919
  • Euchilia Burmeister, 1842
  • Euryomia Burmeister, 1842
  • Heterocranus Bourgoin, 1919
  • Hiberasta Fairmaire, 1901
  • Hyphelithia Kraatz, 1880
  • Liostraca Burmeister, 1842
  • Micreuchilia Pouillaude, 1917
  • Micropeltus Blanchard, 1842
  • Pareuchilia Kraatz, 1880
  • Pseudeuryomia Kraatz, 1894
  • Pygora Burmeister, 1842
  • Pyrrhopoda Kraatz, 1880
  • Vieuella Ruter, 1964

Subtribus Doryscelina

  • Doryscelis Burmeister, 1842
  • Epixanthis Burmeister, 1842
  • Hemiaspidius Krikken, 1982
  • Parepixanthis Kraatz, 1893
  • Pseudepixanthis Kraatz, 1880
  • Rhynchocephala Fairmaire, 1883

Subtribus Euchroeina

Subtribus Heterophanina

  • Heterophana Burmeister, 1842
  • Oxypelta Pouillaude, 1920
  • Pogonotarsus Burmeister, 1842
  • Zebinus Fairmaire, 1894

Subtribus Heterosomatina

  • Heterosoma Schaum, 1845
  • Plochilia Fairmaire, 1896

Subtribus Pantoliina

  • Bonoraella Ruter, 1978
  • Celidota Burmeister, 1842
  • Cyriodera Burmeister, 1842
  • Dirrhina Burmeister, 1842
  • Hemilia Kraatz, 1880
  • Lucassenia Olsoufieff, 1940
  • Moriaphila Kraatz, 1880
  • Pantolia Burmeister, 1842
  • Tetraodorhina Blanchard, 1842

Subtribus Parachilina

  • Parachilia Burmeister, 1842

Subtribus Stenotarsiina

  • Callipechis Burmeister, 1842
  • Ischnotarsia Kraatz, 1880
  • Rhadinotaenia Kraatz, 1900
  • Stenotarsia Burmeister, 1842
  • Vadonidella Ruter, 1973

Tribus Taenioderini
  • Anocoela Moser, 1914
  • Bacchusia Mikšic, 1976
  • Bombodes Westwood, 1848
  • Carneluttia Mikšic, 1976
  • Chalcothea Burmeister, 1842
  • Chalcotheomima Mikšic, 1970
  • Clerota Burmeister, 1842
  • Coilodera Hope, 1831
  • Costinota Schürhoff, 1933
  • Eumacronota Mikšic, 1976
  • Euremina Wallace, 1867
  • Euselates Thomson, 1880
  • Glyptothea Bates, 1889
  • Glyptotheomima Mikšic, 1976
  • Gnorimidia van Lansberge, 1887
  • Hemichalcothea Mikšic, 1970
  • Ixorida Thomson, 1880
    • Mecinonota Kraatz, 1892
    • Oncosterna Thomson, 1880
    • Pseudomecinonota Miksic, 1972
  • Macronotops Krikken, 1977
  • Meroloba Thomson, 1880
  • Microchalcothea Moser, 1910
  • Penthima Kraatz, 1892
  • Plectrone Wallace, 1867
  • Pleuronota Kraatz, 1892
  • Pseudochalcothea Ritsema, 1882
  • Taeniodera Burmeister, 1842
  • Xenoloba Bates, 1889
Gnorimella maculosa

Tribus Trichiini

Subtribus Cryptodontina

  • Coelocorynus Kolbe, 1895
  • Cryptodontes Burmeister, 1847

Subtribus Incaina

  • Golinca Thomson, 1878
  • Inca Lepeletier & Serville, 1828
  • Pantodinus Burmeister, 1847

Subtribus Osmodermatina

  • Osmoderma Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
  • Platygeniops Krikken, 1978

Subtribus Platygeniina

  • Platygenia MacLeay, 1819

Subtribus Trichiina

  • Agnorimus Miyake et al., 1991
  • Apeltastes Howden, 1968
  • Brachagenius Kraatz, 1890
  • Calometopidius Bourgoin, 1917
  • Calometopus Blanchard, 1850
  • Campulipus Kirby, 1827
  • Chaetodermina Heller, 1921
  • Clastocnemis Burmeister, 1840
  • Coelocratus Burmeister, 1841
  • Corynotrichius Kolbe, 1891
  • Dialithus Parry, 1849
  • Diploa Kolbe, 1892
  • Diploeida Péringuey, 1907
  • Elpidus Péringuey, 1907
  • Endoxazus Kolbe, 1892
  • Epitrichius Tagawa, 1941
  • Eriopeltastes Burmeister, 1840
  • Giesbertiolus Howden, 1988
  • Glaphyronyx Moser, 1924
  • Gnorimella Casey, 1915
  • Gnorimus Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
  • Incala J. Thomson, 1858
  • Incalidia Janson, 1907
  • Liotrichius Kolbe, 1892
  • Myodermides Ruter, 1964
  • Myodermum Burmeister, 1840
  • Paragnorimus Becker, 1910
  • Paratrichius Janson, 1881
  • Peltotrichius Howden, 1968
  • Pileotrichius Bourgoin, 1921
  • Polyplastus Janson, 1880
  • Stegopterus Burmeister, 1840
  • Stripsipher Gory & Percheron, 1833
  • Trichiomorphus Bourgoin, 1919
  • Trichiotinus Casey, 1915
  • Trichius Fabricius, 1787
  • Trigonopeltastes Burmeister, 1840
  • Xiphoscelidus Péringuey, 1907

Tribus Valgini

Subtribe Microvalgina

  • Ischnovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Microvalgus Kraatz, 1883
  • Stenovalgus Kolbe, 1892

Subtribe Valgina

  • Acanthovalgus Kraatz, 1895
  • Bivalgus Paulian, 1961
  • Chaetovalgus Moser, 1914
  • Charitovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Chromovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Comythovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Cosmovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Dasyvalgoides Endrödi, 1952
  • Dasyvalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Euryvalgus Moser, 1908
  • Excisivalgus Endrödi, 1952
  • Heterovalgus Krikken, 1978
  • Homovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Hoplitovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Hybovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Idiovalgus Arrow, 1910
  • Lepivalgus Moser, 1914
  • Lobovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Mimovalgus Arrow, 1944
  • Oedipovalgus Kolbe, 1897
  • Oreoderus Burmeister, 1842
  • Oreovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Podovalgus Arrow, 1910
  • Pygovalgus Kolbe, 1884
  • Sphinctovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Tibiovalgus Kolbe, 1904
  • Valgoides Fairmaire, 1899
  • Valgus Scriba, 1790
  • Xenoreoderus Arrow, 1910
  • Yanovalgus Nomura, 1952

Tribus Xiphoscelidini
  • Aporecolpa van Lansberge, 1886
  • Callophylla Moser, 1916
  • Heteroclita Burmeister, 1842
  • Ischnostomiella Krikken, 1978
  • Meridioclita Krikken, 1982
  • Myodermidius Bourgoin, 1920
  • Neoclita Perissinotto, 2017
  • Oroclita Krikken, 1982
  • Plochiliana Ruter, 1978
  • Protoclita Krikken, 1978
  • Rhinocoeta Burmeister, 1842
  • Scheinia Ruter, 1958
  • Xiphoscelis Burmeister, 1842
  • Xiphosceloides Holm, 1992

References
  1. Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y.; Davies, A.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.; Lawrence, J.; Lyal, C.; Newton, A.; Reid, C.; Schmitt, M.; Ślipiński, A.; Smith, A. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
  2. "Australian Faunal Directory". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  3. "Subfamily Cetoniinae - Fruit and Flower Chafers". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  4. Šípek, Petr; Fabrizi, Silvia; Eberle, Jonas; Ahrens, Dirk (2016). "A molecular phylogeny of rose chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) reveals a complex and concerted morphological evolution related to their flight mode". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 101: 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.012. PMID 27165937.
  5. Shipley, A. E.; Marshall, Guy A. K., eds. (1910). The Fauna of British India. London, Calcutta and Bombay: Taylor and Francis. p. 201.
  6. Ghorpade, K.D. (1975). "A remarkable predacious cetoniid, Spilophorus maculatus (Gory & Percheron), from southern India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 29 (4): 226–230. JSTOR 3999660.
  7. Jeanne, Robert L. & J. H. Hunt (1992). "Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a social wasp nest (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in India" (PDF). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 128: 139–141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  8. Cazier, M.A. & Marjorie Statham (1962). "The behaviour and habits of the myrmecophilous scarab, Cremastocheilus stathamae Cazier, with notes on other species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". J. New York Entomol. Soc. 70: 125–149.
  9. "Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815". Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  • Evans, Arthur W. Generic Guide to New World Scarabs
  • Orozco, Jesus. American Cetoniinae
  • Sakai, K. & S. Nagai, 1998. The cetoniine Beetles of the World. Tokyo: Mushi-Sha. 421p Excellent illustrations of most species.
  • White, Richard E. (1998). Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-91089-7.
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