Chandrayaan programme

The Chandrayaan programme (pronunciation ), also known as the Indian Lunar Exploration Programme is an ongoing series of outer space missions by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The programme incorporates lunar orbiter, impactor, soft lander and rover spacecraft. The name of the programme is from Sanskrit candrayāna (transl. 'Moon-craft').

Chandrayaan programme
भारतीय चन्द्रयान अभियान
Bhāratēy Chandrayān Abhiyān
LVM 3 M1 lifting off with Chandrayaan-2 on 22 July 2019
Program overview
CountryIndia
OrganizationIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
PurposeExploration of the Moon
StatusActive
Programme history
Cost₹1,364 crore (US$170 million)[1][2]
Duration2008–present
First flightChandrayaan-1, October 22, 2008 (2008-10-22)
Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)

Programme structure

The Chandrayaan (Indian Lunar Exploration Programme) programme is a multiple mission programme. As of September 2019, one orbiter with an impactor probe has been sent to the Moon, using ISRO's workhorse PSLV rocket. The second spacecraft consisting of orbiter, soft lander and rover was launched on 22 July 2019, by using a LVM3 rocket. In a podcast from AT, VSSC director S. Somanath stated that there will be a Chandrayaan-3 and more follow up missions in Chandrayaan Program.[3] The Chandrayaan-3 mission is expected to launch in 2023.[4]

Phase I: Orbiter and Impactor

Chandrayaan-1

Diagram of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. The mission was a major boost to India's space program. The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Astronautical Society of India carried forward the idea in 2000. Soon after, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon. In April 2003 over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences, Earth sciences, physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics and engineering and communication sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon. Six months later, in November, the Indian government gave the nod for the mission.

The first phase includes the launch of the first lunar orbiters.

  • Chandrayaan-1, launched on 22 October 2008 aboard a PSLV-XL rocket, was a big success for ISRO as the Moon Impact Probe, a payload on board the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, discovered water on the Moon. Apart from discovering water the Chandrayaan-1 mission performed several other tasks such as mapping and atmospheric profiling of the Moon.

Phase II: Soft landers and rovers
Orbiter and lander in stacked configuration with the rover inside the lander
Chandrayaan-2

On 18 September 2008, the First Manmohan Singh Cabinet approved the mission.[5][6] Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[7] the mission was postponed in January 2013[8] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[9][10] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.[9] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently[8][11] and unused orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for Mars Orbiter Mission.[12]

Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019[13] aboard a LVM3 rocket. The spacecraft was successfully put into lunar orbit on August 20, 2019 [14] but the lander was lost while attempting to land on 6 September 2019.[15] The orbiter is operational, collecting scientific data,[16] and is expected to function for 7.5 years.[17]

Chandrayaan-3

In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission was being studied for launch in November 2020. This new proposal is called Chandrayaan-3 and it would be a re-attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.[18] This spacecraft configuration would not include launching an orbiter and would have a lander, rover, and a propulsion module, behaving like a communications relay satellite,[19] with mission costing ₹ 250 crore with additional launch costs of ₹ 365 crore for LVM3.[20][21] This third mission would land in the same area as the second one.[22] As of April 2022, Chandrayaan-3 is expected to launch in June 2023.[4]

Phase III: On site sampling
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

The next mission will be the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission or Chandrayaan-4, suggested to be launched in 2025.[23][24][25] India is collaborating with Japan in this mission but the mission is not yet defined. It will be a lander-rover mission near lunar pole to perform on site sampling and analysis of collected lunar material[26][27] and demonstrate lunar night survival technologies.[28][29]

Chandryaan-5

The mission has been suggested for time frame of 2025-30. It will include a lander based rotary-percussive drilling in lunar soil up to a depth of 1~1.5 meters and analysis of cut using instruments. A volcanically and tectonically active area on near side of the Moon will be selected for experiment.[29]

Phase IV: Sample-return missions
Chandryaan-6

The mission has been suggested for time frame of 2030-35. It will include drilling of lunar soil followed and return samples to earth.[29]

See also

References
  1. "Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar - Times of India". The Times of India. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  2. "Question No. 2222: Status of Chandrayaan Programme" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2017.
  3. "Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran". AstrotalkUK. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  4. Kumar, Chethan (6 April 2022). "2 Gaganyaan abort tests in August, December; relay satellites next year". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  5. Sunderarajan, P. (19 September 2008). "Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  6. "ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design". Domain-b.com. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  7. "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised" (Press release). Indian Space Research Organisation. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  8. Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2013). "Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". The Hindu.
  9. Laxman, Srinivas (6 February 2012). "India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure". Asian Scientist. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  10. "India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief". NDTV. Indo-Asian News Service. 9 September 2012.
  11. "Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 14 August 2013.
  12. "How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's 'Moon Man' recalls". Zee News. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  13. ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline. Vikram Gopal, Hindustan Times. 11 January 2019.
  14. "Chandrayaan-2 update: Lunar Orbit Insertion". 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  15. "Chandrayaan 2 contact loss". 11 September 2019.
  16. "Chandrayaan 2 orbiter operational". 26 September 2019.
  17. "Chandrayaan 2 orbiter operational life". The Times of India. 7 September 2019.
  18. https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan 3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt. The Wire. 14 November 2019.
  19. "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".
  20. Kumar, Chethan (2 January 2020). "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  21. "2nd Lunar landing effort by ISRO". The Times of India. 14 November 2019.
  22. "Chandrayaan-3: India plans third Moon mission". BBC News. 1 January 2020.
  23. Shimbun, The Yomiuri (30 July 2019). "Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon". The Japan News. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  24. After Mars, ISRO to Set a Date with Venus. Archived 2019-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Trak. Malvika Gurung. 20 May 2019.
  25. After Reaching Mars, India's Date With Venus In 2023 Confirmed, Says ISRO. U. Tejonmayam, India Times. 18 May 2019.
  26. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-japan-working-on-lunar-sample-return-mission/article20533828.ece "The Hindu". 17 November 2017.
  27. "Episode 82: Jaxa and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki". AstrotalkUK. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  28. Sasaki, Hiroshi (17 June 2019). "JAXA's Lunar Exploration Activities" (PDF). UNOOSA. p. 8. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  29. Neeraj Srivastava; S. Vijayan; Amit Basu Sarbadhikari (27 September 2022), "Future Exploration of the Inner Solar Syetem: Scope and the Focus Areas", Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN), Physical Research Laboratory – via ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet

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