Ciamis Sundanese

Map of language use areas in Ciamis Regency.[12]

Administratively, Ciamis Regency is directly adjacent to Central Java Province in the east. The area of use of Sundanese is not only in Ciamis Regency, but also in Central Java Province, especially on the eastern border of Ciamis the north where the shape of the area of use protrudes into the area Central Java Province (Dayeuhluhur, Wanareja, Majenang, and Cimanggu).[13][14]

Ciamis Sundanese is used in various ways and in various circumstances, for example, in home, in school, in community, in correspondence, and in mass media. Use at home can occur between conversation a child with father, mother, relatives, other family, and domestic workers. Uses in schools include language of instruction, association between students, antarguru, and between teachers and students. Use in the community takes place with neighbors, ethnic group, takes place in mosque or church, in work, and in entertainment. The use in correspondence takes place in correspondence, both official and personal. Uses in mass media, among others, occur through radio, television, cinema, recording, newspaper, magazine, book, and speech.[15]

According to the speakers, Ciamis Sundanese is standard language because it is considered to have standardization, autonomy, and history alone, in addition, the speakers consider that the Sundanese language has a status that is not low. As evidenced by the intensive use of the Sundanese language in Ciamis Regency.[16]

In accordance with its position, Ciamis Sundanese acts as a regional language and is considered very important in relation to the function of Indonesian language. In various situations and interests, Ciamis Sundanese is always adapted. According to the observations that have been made, Ciamis Sundanese is considered very important by the speakers, in addition to Indonesian which also has an equally important role in the lives of these speakers.[17][18]

Ciamis Sundanese is used in various forms of literary works, both in the form of oral literature and written literature. Its use can be seen in several folk tales which are expressed using Ciamis Sundanese.[19]

Examples of literary figures or writers who often use Ciamis Sundanese in their works are Ahmad Bakri, who is a writer from the Rancah, Ciamis.[20] Some of his works can be seen at Google Books like the examples, Payung Butut, Rajapati di Pananjung, dan Sudagar Batik.

Phonological table for Ciamis Sundanese.

The chart below shows the types and phonemes of Ciamis Sundanese.[21]

• The consonant burst in the final position is not released.[27]
• Consonant /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, nasal /ɲ/, as well as vocals /ə/ not in final position.[27]
• Consonant /k/ in the final position is pronounced clearly, is not removed and is not in the form of a hamzah (glottal).[27]
• Glottal stop sound /ʔ/ occur at the beginning of a word that begins with a vowel, in the middle of a word between two vowels of the same kind, and at the end of a word with an open syllable is not phonemic.[27]

The consonant cluster owned by Ciamis Sundanese is in the form of a letus consonant followed by /r/, /l/, atau /j/, and consonants /s/ followed /r/ or /l/. Below are some examples[28]

In the speech area, it is suspected that there are several consonant and vowel contrasts between which:[29]

Typical elements found at the lexical level include:[54]

1. pak- (prefix), a morpheme syntax[71]

1. ka-(A)/sing ka-(A) = sing (A) in Standard Sundanese.[72]

Based on the linguistic area, the distinctiveness of Ciamis Sundanese can also be further divided into several sub-regions, such as area north and area south. The comparison of the peculiarities of the northern and southern regions can be described below.[73]

In coastal areas such as Pangandaran, Sundanese has several more variations with regard to pronunciation, word form, and meaning. According to research conducted by Afsari and Muhtadin (2019) in the linguistic journal Pustaka,[89] found a difference phonological, the difference morphological, semantic differences, and onomasiological differences, as described below.[90][91][92]

Likewise, the results of Widyastuti's research (2017) in the journal of literary language and culture Lokabasa,[93] Various terms were found in the use of Sundanese in the Sidamulih, Pangandaran area which is different from the standard Sundanese language,[94] with regard to the term offspring,[95] pronounce,[95] home parts,[96] equipment,[96] food and drink,[96] disease,[96] profession,[96] plants and fruits,[96] hewan,[97] human traits,[97] season and state of nature,[97] as well as the terms of life village and community.[97] Also found a difference phonetic,[98] semantic,[99] onosmasiologist,[100] and semasiology.[101]

1. ɤ and e : lɤpɤt and lepetʡ 'kind of rice cake'[103]
2. a and ɔ : dɔbrah and dɔbroh 'bobol'[103]
3. ɛ and ɔ : cɛlɛbɛkan and cɔlɔbɛkan 'plot a small field'[103]
4. a and ə : diharəbʡ and dihərəbʡ 'sliced'[103]
5. u and ɔ : kusi and kɔsi 'once'[103]
6. a and i : kalikibən and kilikibən 'stomach ache after eating'[103]
7. a and ɛ : gandonɤn and gɛndonɤn 'goiter'[103]
8. i and ɛ : niniʔ and nɛnɛʔ 'grandmother'[103]
9. i and ɔ : ʔəniŋ and ʔənɔŋ 'nicknames for girls'[103]
10. i and ə : patimuʔ and patemuʔ 'meet'[103]

1. h and k : digalɔh and digalɔk 'mixed'[103]
2. g and h : gədəbɔgʡ and gədəbɔŋ 'banana tree'[103]
3. g and r : gədəbɔgʡ and gədəbɔr 'banana tree'[103]
4. ŋ and r : gədəbɔŋ and gədəbɔr 'banana tree'[103]
5. b and p : cɛlɛbɛkan and cɛlɛpɛkan 'plot a small field'[103]
6. c and s : kacumpɔnan and kasumpɔnan 'fulfilled'[103]
7. d and g : danas and ganas 'pineapple'[103]
8. l and h : gaɳɔl and gaɳɔh 'kind of sweet potato'[103]
9. l and b : gudɛl and gudɛbʡ 'calf'[103]
10. p and t : lɛspar and lɛstar 'flat'[103]
11. b and g : bəncɔy and gəncɔy 'kind of hood'[103]
12. t and d : bɛtan and bɛdan 'bad'[103]
13. ŋ and n : taluŋtas and taluntas 'beluntas'[103]
14. n and r : risban and risbar 'mangrove'[103]
15. w and t : waluntas and taluntas 'beluntas'[103]
16. w and b : wakul and bakul 'mixed'[103]

1. pontan → pɔntran 'place to bring food'[104]
2. cɔlɔbɛkan → clɔbɛkan 'plot a small field'[104]
3. cipatiʔ → cipatriʔ 'coconut cream'[104]

1. naran → ʔaran 'name'[104]
2. tɛtɛh → ʔɛtɛh 'a name for an older woman'[104]
3. bibi → ʔibi 'aunt'[104]

1. buhayaʔ → buayaʔ 'crocodile'[104]
2. muharaʔ → muaraʔ 'estuary'[104]
3. titiŋkuhɤn → titiŋkuɤn 'kind of disease'[104]

1. saladah → saladaʔ 'lettuce'[104]
2. ganɔl → ganɔʔ 'kind of sweet potato'[104]

1. bal → ʔəbal 'ball'[104]
2. bel → ʔəbel 'sejenis axe'[104]
3. wɔŋ → ʔəwɔŋ 'person'[104]

1. mutuʔ → muntuʔ 'quality'[104]
2. matakʡ → mantakʡ 'just in case'[104]
3. gəbɔgʡ → gədəbɔgʡ 'banana tree'[104]

1. mɛntɛŋ → kamɛntɛŋ '(kind of) hamlet'[lower-alpha 5][104]

1. mɛntɛŋ → ramɛntɛŋ '(kind of) hamlet'[104]

1. saladah aɛr → saladaɛr 'watercress'[lower-alpha 6][105]

1. lɔgɔjɔ → gɔlɔjɔʔ 'executioner'[105]
2. ŋədul → ŋəlud 'lazy'[105]
3. laduʔ → daluʔ 'overripe'[105]

1. bɛlɛcɛkʡ → bɛbɛlɛcɛkʡ 'small paddy field'[105]
2. caŋkir → cacaŋkir 'glass'[105]
3. dəmpəl → dədəmpəl 'panganan dari corn'[105]
4. gajih → gagajih 'fat'[105]
5. jəŋkɔk → jəjəŋkɔk 'small chair'[105]
6. kərak → kəkərakʡ 'peek'[105]
7. lamukʡ → lalamukʡ 'mega big'[105]
8. mutuʔ → mumutuʔ 'quality'[105]

1. ʔɤrihʔ ɤrihɤn → ʔɤɤrihɤn 'kind of disease'[105]
2. kamiʔ kamian → kakamian 'each'[105]
3. mɛnɛrmɛnɛran → mɛmɛnɛran 'have mercy'[105]

1. ʔumah ʔumah 'married'[105]
2. sanakʡ sanakʡ 'cousins'[105]
3. rawas rawas 'faintly, faintly'[105]
4. tabaŋ tabaŋ 'equivocal'[105]
5. camatʡ cimutʡ 'eat without lust'[105]
6. kulaŋ kalɛŋ 'fishing rod'[105]
7. putar patɛr 'unmanaged'[105]
8. sipah sipih 'ignorant'[105]
9. ʔugaʔ ʔagɛʔ 'hurry up'[105]
10. umplaŋampleŋ 'lost'[105]
11. uŋkal ɛŋkɔl 'convoluted'[106]
12. ʔurayʔaruy 'here and there together'[106]

1. garitʡ-garitan 'farming tools'[106]
2. cəprɛtʡ-cəprɛtan 'carpenter's tools'[106]

In addition to synonyms, homonyms or words that are similar but have different meanings are also found.[106]

• The typical Ciamis entry in the Sundanese dictionary entry by R.A. Danadibrata
• Comparison of the Ciamis Sundanese lexicon with Priangan in Wiktionary
• Ki Ganda and Ki Sari Text Transliteration and Translation Edition, Wawacan in Ciamis Sundanese
• Rangga Maléla Ciamis Sundanese story by Olla S. Sumarnaputra.
• Bajigur Kana Hénpon by Wahyu Heriyadi
• Ciamis Mah Gak Ada [Khas Ciamis Pisan], a video YouTube which describes some of the Sundanese language entries of Ciamis

• Improved Sundanese Spelling Guidelines
• Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary Ministry of Education and Culture Repository
• Sundanese-English Dictionary by F.S. Eringa
• Alphabet to Sundanese script Converter on kairaga.com
• Sundanese script Character Unicode Table on unicode-table.com