Cisgender

A cisgender (can be shortened to cis; sometimes cissexual) person has a gender identity that matches their sex assigned at birth. A person whose sex was assigned male at birth and identifies as a boy or a man, or someone whose sex was assigned female at birth and identifies as a girl or a woman, is considered cisgender.[1]

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Gender[2] is how people identify themselves internally and how they express this externally, people may use clothing, appearances, and behaviors to express the gender that they identify with. Sex of an individual is determined by the person’s biological factors such as reproductive organs, genes, and hormones.

Cisgender people may or may not conform to gender norms and stereotypes associated with their gender identity. A cisgender man may not necessarily exhibit all stereotypical masculine traits, and a cisgender woman may not necessarily exhibit all stereotypical feminine traits.

The word cisgender is the antonym of transgender[3][4](someone whose gender identity or gender expression does not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth). The prefix cis- is Latin and means 'on this side of'. The term cisgender was coined in 1994 and entered into dictionaries starting in 2015 as a result of changes in social discourse about gender.[5][6]

In contrast of Cisgender, transgender is a term used to describe individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. Non-binary, genderqueer, and gender fluid are terms used to describe individuals whose gender identity does not fit within the traditional binary categories of male and female.

Cisgender individuals typically do not experience the same challenges as transgender, non-binary, genderqueer, and genderfluid individuals when it comes to gender identity. For example, cisgender individuals are less likely to experience gender dysphoria, which is the discomfort or distress that can occur when a person's gender identity does not match their assigned sex[7].

Cisgender individuals may also have privileges that transgender, non-binary, genderqueer, and genderfluid individuals do not have, such as being able to use public restrooms without fear of harassment or discrimination. It is important to recognize these differences and work towards creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity[8].

Etymology and usage

Cisgender has its origin in the Latin-derived prefix cis-, meaning 'on this side of', which is the opposite of trans-, meaning 'across from' or 'on the other side of'. This usage can be seen in the cis–trans distinction in chemistry, the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus in cellular biology, the cis–trans or complementation test in genetics, in the ancient Roman term Cisalpine Gaul (i.e. 'Gaul on this side of the Alps'), and more recently Cisjordan (as distinguished from Transjordan). In the case of gender, cis- describes the alignment of gender identity with assigned sex.[9][10]

Sociologists Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook define cisgender as a label for "individuals who have a match between the gender they were assigned at birth, their bodies, and their personal identity".[3] A number of derivatives of the terms cisgender and cissexual include cis male for "male assigned male at birth", cis female for "female assigned female at birth", analogously cis man and cis woman,[11] and cissexism and cissexual assumption.[12] In addition, one study published in the Journal of the International AIDS Society used the term cisnormativity, akin to heteronormativity.[13][14] Eli R. Green wrote in 2006, "cisgendered is used [instead of the more popular gender normative] to refer to people who do not identify with a gender diverse experience, without enforcing existence of a normative gender expression".[15]

Julia Serano has defined cissexual as "people who are not transsexual and who have only ever experienced their mental and physical sexes as being aligned", while cisgender is a slightly narrower term for those who do not identify as transgender (a larger cultural category than the more clinical transsexual).[16] For Jessica Cadwallader, cissexual is "a way of drawing attention to the unmarked norm, against which trans is identified, in which a person feels that their gender identity matches their body/sex".[17] Jillana Enteen wrote in 2009 that cissexual is "meant to show that there are embedded assumptions encoded in expecting this seamless conformity".[18]

Serano also uses the related term cissexism, "which is the belief that transsexuals' identified genders are inferior to, or less authentic than, those of cissexuals".[19] In 2010, the term cisgender privilege appeared in academic literature, defined as the "set of unearned advantages that individuals who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth accrue solely due to having a cisgender identity".[20]

Medical academics use the term and have recognized its importance in transgender studies since the 1990s.[21][22][23]

History

German

In German, according to Marquis Bey, "proto-cisgender discourse arose in 1914 with Ernst Burchard's introduction of cis/trans distinctions to sexology. Cisvestitismus, or a type of inclination to wear gender-conforming clothing, was contrasted for Burchard with transvestitismus, or cross-dressing."[24] German sexologist Volkmar Sigusch cited his two-part 1991 article "Die Transsexuellen und unser nosomorpher Blick" ("Transsexuals and our nosomorphic view") as the origin of the neologism cissexual (zissexuell in German) when he used it in his 1998 essay "The Neosexual Revolution".[25]

English

In English, the term cisgender was coined in 1994 in a Usenet newsgroup about transgender topics.[26] On that newsgroup, Dana Defosse, then a graduate student, sought a way to refer to non-transgender people that avoided marginalizing transgender people or implying that transgender people were an other. Correspondingly, some trans activists argued that using terms such as man or woman reinforced cisnormativity, and that instead using the prefix cis similarly to the way trans is used would counteract the cisnormative connotations within language. While intended to be a positive descriptor to distinguish between trans and non-trans identity, the term has been met with criticisms in more recent years.[27] Three decades later, in a personal essay, Defosse said she did not intend the word as an insult. She says she does not believe the word cisgender "caused problems – it only revealed them."[28]

The terms cisgender and cissexual were used in a 2006 article in the Journal of Lesbian Studies[29] and Serano's 2007 book Whipping Girl,[16] after which the term gained some popularity among English-speaking activists and scholars.[30][31][32]

In February 2014, Facebook began offering "custom" gender options, allowing users to identify with one or more gender-related terms from a selected list, including cis, cisgender, and others.[33][34] Cisgender was also added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2015, defined as "designating a person whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to him or her at birth (in contrast with transgender)".[35] Perspectives on History has stated that since this inclusion, the term cisgender has increasingly become common usage.[26]

Critiques

Use of the term cisgender has at times been controversial.[36] Novelist John Boyne rejected the use of the term cisgender in an article in The Irish Times. He considers himself not as a cis man, but as just a man. He argues that one person should not "force an unwanted term onto another".[37]

From feminism and gender studies

Krista Scott-Dixon wrote in 2009: "I prefer the term non-trans to other options such as cissexual/cisgendered."[38] She believes the term non-trans is clearer to average people and will help normalize transgender individuals.[38]

Women's and gender studies scholar Mimi Marinucci writes that some consider the 'cisgender–transgender' binary distinction to be just as dangerous or self-defeating as the masculine–feminine gender binary because it lumps together people who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) arbitrarily and over-simplistically with a heteronormative class of people as opposed to with transgender people. Characterizing LGB individuals together with heterosexual, non-trans people may problematically suggest that LGB individuals, unlike transgender individuals, "experience no mismatch between their own gender identity and gender expression and cultural expectations regarding gender identity and expression".[39]

Gender studies professor Chris Freeman criticises the term, describing it as "clunky, unhelpful and maybe even regressive" for "‍[creating] – or re-[creating] – a gender binary".[40]

From intersex organizations
See also: Intersex and Endosex

Intersex people are born with atypical physical sex characteristics that can complicate initial sex assignment and lead to involuntary or coercive medical treatment.[41][42] The term cisgender "can get confusing" in relation to people with intersex conditions, although some intersex people use the term according to the Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth Inter/Act project.[43] Hida Viloria of Intersex Campaign for Equality notes that, as a person born with an intersex body who has a non-binary sense of gender identity that "matches" their body, they are both cisgender and gender non-conforming, presumably opposites according to cisgender's definition, and that this evidences the term's basis on a binary sex model that does not account for intersex people's existence. Viloria also critiques the fact that the term sex assigned at birth is used in one of cisgender's definitions without noting that babies are assigned male or female regardless of intersex status in most of the world, stating that doing so obfuscates the birth of intersex babies and frames gender identity within a binary male/female sex model that fails to account for both the existence of natally congruent gender non-conforming gender identities, and gender-based discrimination against intersex people based on natal sex characteristics rather than on gender identity or expression, such as "normalizing" infant genital surgeries.[44]

Cisnormativity and cisgender privilege

Cisgender people's identity development is often viewed as normative, in contrast to transgender people's.[45] In many cultures, because cisgender people are more numerous, gender categorization is cisnormative: people are expected to be cisgender, with a self-identification that is binary (male or female) and conveys information about their anatomy.[46] Extreme cisnormativity leads to cisgenderism, which denies or denigrates noncisgender experiences.[46]

Cisgender individuals often have privileges that transgender people do not have. These privileges, including not having to worry about being misgendered or facing discrimination in public spaces, are named cis-privilege, or the privilege one experiences from being born a woman instead of a transgender woman[47]. The effects of these privileges on cisgender people can be significant, and they can also be used to support the rights of transgender people, or in structural violence that is ever-present in the daily lives of many individuals seeking to navigate the heterosexist and cissexist power structures of social and political life, war and conflict is embodied and reifies cissexism[48].

One of the main ways that cisgender privilege affects the lives of cisgender people is by providing them with a sense of security and safety. Cisgender people do not have to worry about being misgendered or facing discrimination in public spaces , which can make them feel more comfortable and at ease in their daily lives. Unlike LGBTQI+ adults who may face discrimination[49], Cisgender people are more likely to go about their day without worrying about how others perceive their gender identity, and they can use public restrooms without fear of harassment or violence[50].

However, the effects of cisgender privilege are not limited to a sense of security and safety. Cisgender privilege also affects the ways in which cisgender people are treated in society. Cisgender people are often seen as the norm or the default, while transgender people are seen as deviant or abnormal[51]. This can lead to discrimination against transgender people in areas such as employment, housing, healthcare, and education[52].

Despite the challenges faced by transgender people, cisgender people can use their privilege to support the rights of transgender people. One way to do this is by advocating for transgender rights in their communities and workplaces. This can include advocating for policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, such as gender-neutral restrooms or inclusive hiring practices[53].

Cisgender people can also support the rights of transgender people by educating themselves and others about transgender issues. This can include learning about the experiences of transgender people, the challenges they face, and the ways in which cisgender privilege contributes to these challenges[54].

Intersectionality

Intersectionality is the concept that highlights how various aspects of a person's identity, such as gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, and class, intersect and shape their experiences[55]. Cisgender individuals can have multiple identities that intersect with their gender identity, influencing their lives significantly. It is crucial to understand these intersections and leverage privilege to support marginalized groups.

Cisgender people may have advantages in terms of their gender identification, but they still risk facing prejudice because of other facets of their identity. For example, a cisgender person who belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group could experience racism in addition to gender-based prejudice. Similarly, a cisgender person with a disability may encounter specific barriers related to their disability in addition to gender-related challenges[56].

Recognizing these intersections allows cisgender individuals to develop empathy and understanding towards marginalized groups. By acknowledging their privileges and listening to others' experiences, cisgender individuals can become effective allies and advocates for social justice. They can use their privilege to amplify marginalized voices, challenge discriminatory practices, and promote inclusivity and equality in personal and professional spheres. This can involve speaking out against sexist, racist, or ableist attitudes, promoting diversity and representation, and creating inclusive spaces[57].

Gender Roles

Gender roles refer to societal expectations and norms that define how individuals should behave and present themselves based on their gender[58]. Cisgender people, like transgender individuals, face pressure to conform to traditional gender roles and stereotypes. These expectations can have significant effects on their lives, limiting personal expression and fulfillment. For instance, cisgender individuals assigned male at birth may face expectations of being assertive and unemotional, discouraging vulnerability or pursuits considered feminine. Similarly, cisgender individuals assigned female at birth may face expectations of being nurturing and focused on appearance, discouraging leadership or careers associated with masculinity.

These rigid gender roles present challenges for cisgender individuals, leading to pressure, alienation, and dissatisfaction when trying to conform. Suppressing aspects of their authentic selves can be mentally and emotionally taxing, hindering personal growth and self-discovery. Challenging and changing these gender roles is crucial for creating an inclusive society[59].

Cisgender individuals can actively question and break down traditional gender stereotypes to challenge gender roles. By engaging in conversations about the harmful impact of gender stereotypes, fostering awareness, and encouraging discussions, they can help create a more accepting environment. Supporting and amplifying the voices of marginalized individuals who defy gender roles, such as transgender, non-binary, and gender non-conforming individuals, is essential. Cisgender individuals can be allies by advocating for gender inclusivity, dismantling harmful stereotypes, and inspiring others to embrace diverse expressions of gender[60].

Transphobia

Transphobia refers to fear, hatred, or discrimination towards transgender, non-binary, or gender non-conforming individuals. While transphobia is often perpetuated by individuals ignorant or intolerant towards the LGBTQ+ community, it can also be present within cisgender individuals. Misgendering, denying gender identity, or assuming conformity to traditional gender roles are examples of how cisgender individuals can perpetuate transphobia[61].

Recognizing and challenging transphobia is vital for fostering an inclusive society. Education on transgender problems, the use of preferred pronouns, comprehension of the distinction between gender identity and biological sex, and recognition of the variety of transgender community experiences are necessary first steps. Cisgender individuals can advocate for transgender rights, speak out against discrimination, support transgender individuals personally and professionally, and engage in self-reflection to recognize and dismantle their biases and privileges[62].

See also

References
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