Desi

Desi[lower-alpha 1] (Hindustani: دیسی/देसी; Bangla: দেশী; Sinhala: දේශී) (also Deshi /ˈdeɪsi, ˈdɛsi/; Hindustani: [deːʃiː], [deːsiː]) is a word used to describe the people, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora, derived from Sanskrit देश (deśá), meaning "land, country".[1] Deshi traces its origin specifically to the people of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.[2][3]

For other uses, see Desi (disambiguation).
Desi
دیسی, देसी, দেশী
A map of the Indian subcontinent, depicting the countries of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh from which Desis mostly originate.
Total population
1,820,086,080 (est.)
Regions with significant populations
 India1,407,563,842
 Pakistan247,653,551
 Bangladesh169,263,714
 Sri Lanka21,664,163
Languages
Bangali, Urdu, Hindi, Sinhala, English
Religion
Predominantly: Hinduism and Islam
Minority: Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and others (including atheism, agnosticism and unaffiliated)

Etymology

The ethnonym belongs in the endonymic category (i.e., it is a self-appellation). Deshi is borrowed from the Hindustani desī (देसी/دیسی), 'national', ultimately from Sanskrit deśīya, derived from deśa (देश) 'region, province, country'.[4] The first known usage of the Sanskrit word is found in the Natya Shastra (~200 BCE), where it defines the regional varieties of folk performing arts, as opposed to the classical, pan-Indian margi. Thus, svadeśa (Sanskrit: स्वदेश) refers to one's own country or homeland, while paradeśa (Sanskrit: परदेश) refers to another's country or a foreign land.

History

The word "Desi" comes from the Sanskrit word "Desh" meaning "country". The word "Desi" is used to refer to something "from the country" and with time its usage shifted more towards referring to people, cultures, and products of a specific region; for example, desi food, desi calendars, and desi dress.[5]

Desi contrasts with the Hindustani language word vilāyati (Anglicised as "Blighty"),[6] which originally referred to Afghanistan and Central Asia, over time it came to refer to Britain (during the British rule vilāyat, an Arabic-origin word meaning 'state', signified Britain) but may also refer more generally to anything that is European or Western. People from the subcontinent living in vilāyat (Britain) or in other Western countries refer to themselves and their ethnic culture as desi. The desi/vilāyati pair of antonyms is widely used in subcontinent languages (Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, Sinhala, etc.).

After the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the United States dramatically increased immigration from the subcontinent. As increasing numbers of students from the subcontinent arrived in the US and UK, their countries of origin were colloquially referred to as deś. For example, all things Indian including Indian expatriates were referred to as "desi".

Culture
South Asian university students celebrate Desi culture through dance at the Ohio State University.
"Surahi" written in Samrup Rachna calligraphy used to write Hindustani, which is widely spoken throughout the northern part of the Indian subcontinent as a lingua franca.[7]

In the United States, as in other countries, some diaspora desis are creating a "fusion" culture, in which foods, fashions, music, and the like from many areas of South Asia are "fused" both with each other and with elements from Western culture.[8] For example, Urban Desi is a genre of music formed by the fusion of traditional South Asian music and Western urban music.[9] The growing demand of popular programming for South Asians caused MTV to launch the desi-targeted television channel MTV Desi.

In the United Kingdom, desi communities have continued the fusion culture which first emerged during the 89 year rule of the British Raj, influencing british music, art, fashion and food. There are now dedicated radio stations catering to British-South Asians such as the BBC Asian Network.

In Canada, desis have established sizable ethnic enclaves in areas such as Brampton, Ontario (suburban Toronto) and Surrey, British Columbia (suburban Vancouver).

Performing arts

The Natya Shastra refers to the regional varieties of folk dance and music elements as desi, and states that these are meant as pure entertainment for common people, while the pan-Indian margi elements are to spiritually enlighten the audience. The medieval developments of the classical Indian dance and music led to the introduction of desi gharanas, in addition to the classical gharanas codified in Natya Shastra. The desi gharanas further developed into the present-day adavus. There is raga in Indian classical music known as "Desi".

Food and drink
Main articles: Desi daru and Desi cuisine

In regions of South Asia, desi in the context of food, implies "native" or "traditional". Common examples are "Desi ghee", which is the traditional clarified butter used in South Asia as opposed to more processed fats such as vegetable oils. "Desi chicken" may mean a native breed of chicken. This word is also usually restricted to Sanskrit-derived (Indo-Aryan) languages.

Heritage varieties of vegetables and other produce can also be qualified as "desi". "Desi diet" refers to a diet and food choices followed by Indians around the world. Desi daru refers to "country liquor", such as fenny, toddy and arrack. It is differentiated from Indian-made foreign liquor such as Indian-made whisky, rum, or vodka.

Desi pubs
Main article: Desi pub

In the United Kingdom, the term Desi pub is used to describe a pub which is owned or managed by an Indian landlord, or which serves Punjabi food. They developed during the 1960s and 1970s at a time when some British pubs enforced color bars to prevent Indians and other immigrants from drinking there. Desi pubs are especially common in the Black Country and surrounding areas of the West Midlands. As well as drinking places, they also act as community hubs and meeting places for people from different backgrounds and are considered to be an example of successful integration of Indian immigrants into British culture.[10][11]

See also

Notes
  1. The tadbhava-form of the word is "desi", and the corresponding tatsama-form is "deshi".

References
  1. Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-0-313-35080-1. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  2. "desi". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. 2016. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  3. Zimmer, Ben (27 September 2013). "Here She Comes, 'Desi' Miss America". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 October 2020. But as South Asians have built up diasporic communities around the world, 'desi' has traveled with them, used not as a put-down but as an expression of ethnic pride. Make that pan-ethnic: Anyone with heritage from the subcontinent—India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh—can identify as a 'desi' and partake in 'desi' culture.
  4. Sharma, Nitasha Tamar (17 August 2010). Hip Hop Desis: South Asian Americans, Blackness, and a Global Race Consciousness. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9289-7. The lives of South Asians in America, or desis—a term meaning "of the land" from the Hindi/Urdu word desh, or country—are both historically constituted and circumscribed by global processes and the limitations of what is possible today.
  5. Mughal, M. A. Z. (20 October 2014). "Calendars Tell History: Social Rhythm and Social Change in Rural Pakistan" (PDF). History and Anthropology. 25 (5): 592–613. doi:10.1080/02757206.2014.930034. ISSN 0275-7206. S2CID 55668409.
  6. "blighty". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020.
  7. Kazim, Shehrbano (14 May 2016). "Drawn from the same wellspring". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  8. Kvetko, Peter (2002). When the East Is in the House: The Emergence of Dance Club Culture among Indian-American Youth (Thesis). University of Texas. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  9. Kurwa, Nishat (15 October 2008). "Urban Desi: A Genre on the Rise". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved 27 October 2016 – via NPR.org.
  10. Jesudason, David (21 April 2022). "The Triumphant Story of Britain's Desi Pubs". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  11. R.V. (22 August 2016). "Raising a glass to Britain's Indian pubs". The Economist. Retrieved 12 May 2022. (subscription required)
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