List of rulers of Tuscany

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• Boniface I, 812–823
• Boniface II, 828–834
• Aganus, 835–845
• Adalbert I, 847–886
• Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
• Guy, 915–929
• Lambert, 929–931

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

• Boso, 931–936
• Humbert, 936–961
• Hugh the Great, 961–1001

• Boniface (III), 1004–1011

• Rainier, 1014–1027

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• Boniface III, 1027–1052
• Frederick, 1052–1055
• Matilda, 1055–1115
  • Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1069 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (co-ruler as husband of Matilda)
  • Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-ruler as husband of Matilda)

• Rabodo, 1116–1119
• Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
• Rampret, c. 1131
• Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
• Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
• Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1152–1160
• Welf VII, 1160–1167
  • Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
  • Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1167–1173
• Philip, 1195–1197

In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.

• Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici	11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521	31 August 1512 – 9 March 1513	Never married	Son of Lorenzo, later became Pope Leo X
	Giuliano II de' Medici	12 March 1479 – 17 March 1516	9 March 1513 – 17 March 1516	Filiberta of Savoy 22 February 1515 Paris no issue 1 illegitimate son	Son of Lorenzo
	Lorenzo de' Medici	12 September 1492 – 4 May 1519	17 March 1516 – 4 May 1519	Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne 5 May 1518 Château d'Amboise, Amboise 1 daughter 1 illegitimate son	Son of Piero the Unfortunate
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534	4 May 1519 – 19 November 1523	Never married	Son of Giuliano de Medici, later became Pope Clement VII
	Ippolito de' Medici	1511 – 10 August 1535	19 November 1523 – 16 May 1527	Never married	Illegitimate son of Giuliano II de Medici
	Alessandro de' Medici	22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537	16 May 1527 – 1530	Margaret of Parma 13 June 1536 Florence no issue 3 illegitimate children	Illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de Medici

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once more and became a republic until Pope Clement VII signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Portrait	Name	Lifespan	Reign	Consorts	Succession
	Alessandro de' Medici	22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537	5 July 1531 – 1 May 1532	Margaret of Parma 13 June 1536 Florence no issue 3 illegitimate children	Illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de Medici