Energy in the United States
Most of the energy in the United States came from fossil fuels in 2021, as 36% of the nation's energy originated from petroleum, 32% from natural gas, and 11% from coal. Electricity from nuclear power supplied 8% and renewable energy supplied 12%, which includes biomass, wind, hydro, solar and geothermal.[1]
Energy figures are measured in BTU, with 1 BTU equal to 1.055 kJ and 1 quadrillion BTU (1 quad) equal to 1.055 EJ. Because BTU is a unit of heat, sources that generate electricity directly are multiplied by a conversion factor to equate them with sources that use a heat engine.[2]
The United States was the second-largest energy producer and consumer in 2021 after China.[3] The country had a per capita energy consumption of 295 million BTU (311 GJ), ranking it tenth in the world behind Canada, Norway, and several Arabic nations.[3]
The United States' portion of the electrical grid in North America had a nameplate capacity of 1,213 GW and produced 3,988 TWh in 2021, using 37% of primary energy to do so.[4][5] The country is the second-largest producer and consumer of electricity, behind China.[3] Natural gas overtook coal as the dominant source for electric generation in 2016. While coal use has been dropping, it remained larger than either nuclear or renewables.[4]
History
From its founding until the late 19th century, population and energy use in the United States both increased by about 3% per year,[6][7] resulting in a relatively constant per capita energy use of 100 million BTU. Wood made up the majority of this until near the end of the 1800s, meaning the average American burned 8 tons of wood each year.[8]
By the late 1800s, coal had surpassed wood as the major source of energy, as it would often be cheaper for those living in cities. Lighting, heating and transportation could all be fueled by coal.[9] After 1950, coal production and use began to stagnate. Petroleum and natural gas took its place, as car ownership doubled in the two decades after the war,[10] and as the number of pipelines rose dramatically.[11]
During the first half of the 20th century, per capita energy use doubled to 200 million BTU, and nearly doubled again in the second half. This figure varied between 300 and 360 for half a century starting in the late 60s. In 2020, per capita consumption dipped below 300 million BTUs for the first time since 1967.[12] In comparison, the world average increased from 68 to 74 million BTU (72 to 78 GJ) per person between 1980 and 2020.[3]
Domestic oil production peaked in 1970 and would not recover for 40 years. However, oil imports allowed consumption to double. Oil represented the vast majority of net imports during this time.[13] Increased reliance on imported oil coincided with the 1973 oil crisis.
Total imports peaked in 2005, when they represented 30% of total consumption. A consistent decline occurred over the next 15 years, as oil production doubled and domestic use receded. This allowed the United States to be a net exporter of energy for the first time in 70 years. As of 2021, the US net exports 3.9% of energy production.[13]
Around 2010, many other trends began to reverse. By 2020, improvements in fracking had allowed natural gas production to increase by more than half,[14] while coal decreased by half.
Renewables in the 20th century consisted mainly of hydro and wood. Hydro power had been relatively constant since 1970, while wood saw a bump in 1980. Between 2000 and 2020, wind, solar and biofuels increased by a factor of ten. By 2020, wind had surpassed hydro, and biofuels had surpassed wood.[15]
Summary
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 US energy flow, 2021. Note the loss of waste energy due to the nature of heat engines. |
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Primary energy production
The United States is the world's second-largest producer of energy. It produces 16% of the world's energy, about three-fourths as much as China.[3] Since 2019, the country has been a net exporter of energy. In 2021, 97.8 quads were produced and net exports were 3.9% of production.[13]
Coal
Generation of electricity is the largest user of coal, although its use is in decline. About 50% of electric power was produced by coal in 2005, declining to 30% in 2016 and 23% in 2019.[18][19] Electric utilities buy more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States.[20]
The United States is a net exporter of coal. Coal exports, for which Europe is the largest customer, peaked in 2012 and have declined since. In 2015, the U.S. exported 7.0% of mined coal.[21]
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882.[22] The first AC power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company.[22] By the mid-20th century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the U.S. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas, decreased consumption,[23] renewable electricity, and more stringent environmental regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming.
Natural Gas
Natural gas was the largest source of energy production in the United States in 2016, representing 33% of all energy produced in the country.[24] Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015.
The United States has been the world's largest producer of natural gas since 2009, when it surpassed Russia. U.S. natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015. Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was 28.8 trillion cubic feet (820 billion cubic metres), a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase over the production of 18.9 trillion cu ft (540 billion m3) per day in 2005.[25]
Because of the greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the United States than in Europe and Japan.[26] The low price of natural gas, together with its smaller carbon footprint compared to coal, has encouraged a rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas.
Between 2005 and 2014, U.S. production of natural gas liquids (NGLs) increased 70%, from 1.74 million barrels of oil equivalent (10.6 PJ) per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels of oil equivalent (18.1 PJ) per day in 2014. The U.S. has been the world's leading producer of natural gas liquids since 2010, when U.S. NGL production passed that of Saudi Arabia.
Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production, it is only fifth in proved reserves of natural gas, behind Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Turkmenistan.
Petroleum
Oil is one of the largest sources of energy in the United States. The United States influences world oil reserves for both growth and development.[27] As the 20th century progressed, petroleum gained increasing importance by providing heating and electricity to the commercial and industrial sectors. Oil was also used in transportation; first for railroads and later for motor vehicles.[28]
As automobiles became more affordable, demand for oil quickly rose. Since the rise of the automobile industry, oil price, demand, and production have all increased as well. Between 1900 and 1980, fuel was directly correlated with Gross National Product (GNP). Furthermore, oil shocks have often coincided with recessions, and the government has responded to oil shocks in several ways.[29] In the 1920s, oil prices were peaking and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by requests to augment supplies, so a generous depletion allowance was enacted for producers in 1926, which increased investment returns substantially. This change induced additional exploration activity, and subsequently the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.[30]
In the next decade the situation was reversed with prices low and dropping. This resulted in demands for more "orderly" competition and set minimum oil prices. Rather than repealing the previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enacted a price-support system. Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.[30]
Nuclear
Nuclear fission was 8.3% of total production and 18.8% of electric generation in 2021. Seven states made up half the total: Illinois (12%), Pennsylvania (10%), South Carolina (7%), Alabama (6%), North Carolina (6%), Texas (5%) and Tennessee (5%). This US leads in nuclear generation, more than double China or France. However, the US trails behind several other nations in nuclear share of total production.[31]
Nuclear had significant growth from the 70s through the 90s, but has stagnated since.[17] A cessation of new nuclear plant construction coincided with the accident at Three Mile Island.[32] Future growth may come from smaller reactors.[33]
Renewables
Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 12.5% of the total production in 2021,[17] and 20.7% of electric generation.[34] The category has seen rapid growth, doubling in total output between 2000 and 2020. They have exceeded nuclear since 2011 and surpassed coal in 2020 for the first time since wood fuel fell out of use.[17]
Renewables are expected to continue growing.[35] Because many of these are variable renewable energy, there are plans for considerable growth in battery storage.[36]
Biomass
Biomass made up 5% of total production and 38% of renewables in 2022.[17] About 49% of this was biofuels, 43% was wood, and 8% was waste and other biomass.
Ethanol made up the majority of biofuels in 2022, while biodiesel and renewable diesel made up about 16%. For ethanol, about 40% of the available energy is lost or diverted to feedstock during the manufacturing process,[37] and the equivalent of 20% is used to power and run the equipment.[38] About 45% of domestic corn output goes toward producing ethanol.[39] The US led the world in ethanol production in 2021, producing more than half of the total.[40] The US is a net exporter of biofuels.
Use of biofuels increased by a factor of 10 between 2000 and 2020, eventually exceeding wood.[15] The desire for ethanol originated from the need to replace methyl tert-butyl ether, which was contaminating groundwater.[41] The Energy Policy Act of 2005 mandated an increased use of ethanol.[42] Most gasoline sold in the US contains up to 10% ethanol.[43]
Industry uses two-thirds of the wood fuel in the US, while the residential sector uses about a quarter. Wood and paper factories use wood waste on-site to reduce their energy costs. About 9% of homes used firewood in 2020.[44]
Wood made up the majority of energy consumption until near the end of the 1800s, after which it declined in total use for several decades, to about half its peak.[7] The 80s saw the first significant increase in over a century, of about 65%, before declining again by the 2010s.[15]
Geothermal
Two-thirds of the geothermal energy in the US in 2021 was electric, with the remainder being direct use and heat pumps.[45][46] Geothermal power made up 2% of renewable generation,[34] 70% of which came from California.[47] The Geysers is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.[48] The US ranks first in geothermal capacity, ahead of Indonesia and the Philippines.[49]
Hydro
Hydro made up 6% of electric generation and 29% of renewable generation in 2021.[34] Three states made up over half of the total: Washington (29%), New York (12%) and Oregon (11%).[47] Overall 246 TWh were generated across 1,449 conventional plants and 40 pumped storage plants.[50] The US is on-par with Brazil and Canada for hydro generation, but a fraction of China.[49]
Hydro has been used in the US since 1880 when it powered the Wolverine Chair factory in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[51] By 1950, 29% of total electricity production came from hydro, as it produced 96 TWh.[4] Hydro generation had tripled by the 70s, but has not consistently grown since. Hydro has had large flucuations from year to year: for example in 2010, generation jumped from 253 to 311 TWh the next year, before dropping to 269 TWh the year after that. While hydro has maintained generation in the 200 to 350 TWh range for the past few decades, its share of the total has declined as other sources have risen. Since 2019, wind power has exceeded hydro as the largest renewable electricity source.[4]
At 132 years old, the plant in Whiting, Wisconsin is the oldest power plant still running in the US.[51] The Grand Coulee Dam is the largest plant for hydro and in general in the US, and the fifth-largest hydro plant in the world. Built in Washington in 1942, it continues to operate with a capacity of 6,765 MW.[51] The Bath County Pumped Storage Station is the second-largest such facility in the world, with a capacity of 3,003 MW.[52]
Solar
Solar made up 4% of electric generation and 19% of renewable generation in 2021. Of the 164 TWh generated, 70% was by utilities and an estimated 30% was small-scale such as rooftop solar.[34] Three states made up over half of total grid generation: California (30%), Texas (13%) and North Carolina (9%).[47] The US grid produces significantly more solar than Japan, Germany or India, but less than a third of China.[49]
Since 2006, solar has been the fastest growing energy source in the US, expanding 50% per year on average.[53] The largest solar farms in the US include Solar Star in Rosamond, California, Desert Sunlight in Desert Center, California and Copper Mountain in Boulder City, Nevada.[54] The Bureau of Land Management leases federal land to be used for solar farms.[55]
Almost all states employ net metering to compensate owners of small-scale solar, although policies by state vary considerably.[56]
Wind
Wind made up 9% of electric generation and 44% of renewable generation in 2021.[34] Four states made up over half of the total: Texas (26%), Iowa (10%), California (9%) and Kansas (7%).[47] The US grid produces significantly more wind power than Germany or India, but less than half of China.[49]
Since 1998, wind power has grown 23% per year on average in the US.[53] Prominent areas for wind turbines include Alta Wind in Kern County, California, Shepherds Flat in Gilliam County, Oregon and Roscoe Wind Farm in Nolan County, Texas.[54]
Final energy consumption
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Industry has long been the country's largest energy sector.[57][58] It used 33% of total energy in 2021, most of which was divided evenly between natural gas, electricity and petroleum. A survey from 2018 estimated that the largest energy users were the chemical industry (30%), petroleum and coal processing (18%), mining (9%) and paper (9%).[59] The most energy-intensive industry was by far petroleum and coal, at over 30 billion BTU per employee. The paper industry was second at 6.5 billion BTU per employee. Each of these handles energy sources as part of their raw materials (fossil fuels and wood).[60] The same survey found that half of the electric use was to drive machines, and about 10% each for heating, cooling and electro-chemical processes. Most of the remainder was for factory lighting and HVAC. About half of the natural gas was for process heating, and most of the rest was for boilers.[61]
Transportation used 28% of energy, almost all of which was petroleum and other fuels. Half of the combustible fuels that make up the transportation sector were gasoline, and half of the vehicle usage was for cars and small trucks.[62] Diesel and heavier trucks each made up about a quarter of their respective categories; jet fuel and aircraft were about a tenth each. Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel made up 5%, while natural gas was 4%. Electricity from mass transit was 0.2%; electricity for light passenger vehicles is counted in other sectors.
Over two-thirds of the energy used by homes, offices, and other commercial businesses is electric, including electric losses.[63][64] Most of the energy used in homes was for space heating (43%) and water heating (19%), much more than the amount used for space cooling (8%) and refrigeration (3%).[65] Businesses use similar amounts for space heating and cooling. They use less for water heating, but more for lighting, cooking and refrigeration.[66]
Most homes in the US are single-family detached,[67] which on average use almost triple the energy of apartments in larger buildings.[68] However, single family households have 50% more persons and triple the floor space. Usage per square foot of living space is roughly equal for most housing types except small apartment buildings and mobile homes. Small apartments are more likely to be older than other housing types,[69] while mobile homes tend to have poor insulation.[70]
Regional variation
The state with the lowest per capita energy use is Rhode Island, at 161 million BTU per year, and the highest is Louisiana, at 908 million BTU per year. Energy use and prices often have an inverse relationship; Hawaii uses some of the least energy per capita but pays the highest price on average, while Louisiana pays the least on average.[71]
Residential prices follow a similar trend, but the differences between states are usually less drastic. The exception is Hawaii, which pays 84 cents per million BTU, more than double the next largest state of Florida, which pays 33 cents.[72]
Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. Although single-family detached homes are less common in the Northeast, the average house there uses 60% more energy than one in the West. Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate, as two-thirds of northeastern homes are in cold regions, while less than a third of western homes are.[73][74]
Overall use per capita
Home use per capita
Overall price per million BTU
Home price per million BTU
The land-use decisions of cities and towns also explain some of the regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is used per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in a compact neighborhood encourage walking, biking and transit, thereby reducing transportation energy use. A 2011 U.S. EPA study found that multi-family homes in urban neighborhoods, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, use less than two-thirds of the energy used by conventionally built single-family houses in suburban areas (with standard cars).[75]
Electricity
The United States is the world's second-largest producer and consumer of electricity. It generates 15% of the world's electricity supply, about half as much as China.[76]
The United States produced 3,988 TWh in 2021. Total generation has been flat since 2010. Net electricity imports were 39 TWh, or about 1% of sales. Historically, net imports have been between just under 0% to just over 1.5%.[4]
Fossil fuels made up the majority of generation, with natural gas providing 38% and coal 23%. Petroleum provided less than 1%. Natural gas as a proportion of fossil fuels has been increasing since the 90's, with coal peaking around 2008 and natural gas becoming the top fossil fuel in 2016.[53]
Nuclear provided 20%, a level consistent since about 1990. Nuclear surpassed coal in 2020 for the first time, as coal dipped to its lowest proportion in over 70 years.
Among renewables, wind and solar continued to expand, with wind exceeding hydro since 2019. Renewable use has doubled from 2010 to 2020, reaching 21% of total generation.
Monthly TWh by source
Monthly TWh by renewable source
Yearly TWh by source
Yearly TWh by renewable source
Grid capacity
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The United States had a nameplate generation capacity of 1,213 GW in 2021.[5] The following table summarizes the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States grid in 2021. Figures account for generation losses, but not transmission losses. Fission had the highest capacity factor, while petroleum had the lowest.
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Generation by state
The following figures offer detail into the sources of generation used in each state.[47] Most often, natural gas is the largest source in a given state, with 22 states using it more than any other. Among renewable sources, 18 states use wind power more than any other.
Though not always the most prominent source, each state will use at least one source at a rate above the national average. Twelve states use nuclear power more than average, and California and Hawaii each use more solar and petroleum, respectively.
Texas contributes more to the grid than any other state, followed by Florida, Pennsylvania and California. On net, Pennsylvania exports the most power, while California imports the most.
Largest generation source
Largest renewable generation source
Most over-represented source
Net electricity imports/exports
Consumption
Electric grid consumption in the US was 3,806 TWh in 2021. Since 2010, total consumption has remained within 2% of this figure. Per capita consumption was 11.5 MWh in 2021, down 8% from its peak in 2007.[77][78]
Residential customers used 39% of total electricity.[77] Each month, the average customer used 886 kWh and paid $121 at an average rate of 13.7 cents/kWh.[79] The commercial sector used 35% and industrial used 26%. Transportation used less than half of one percent.
System loss within the grid includes use in the generation process and transmission losses, as well as unaccounted loads. For 2021, this amounted to 203 TWh, or 5.3% of grid generation. Electricity used directly at the commercial or industrial level added 139 TWh, so total consumption was 3,945 TWh.[80]
The northeastern US has long paid the highest electricity prices, while simultaneously using it the least per capita.[81] California is an outlier in the west region; its neighbors tend to pay some of the lowest rates in the country, while California is second only to Hawaii and Alaska.
Overall use per capita
Home use per capita
Overall price per kWh
Home price per kWh
See also
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