Ethiopian Ground Forces

Gebru Tareke listed Ethiopian ground forces in 1990 as comprising four revolutionary armies organized as task forces, eleven corps, twenty-four infantry divisions, and four mountain divisions, reinforced by five mechanized divisions, two airborne divisions, and ninety-five brigades, including four mechanized brigades, three artillery brigades, four tank brigades, twelve special commandos and para commandos brigades – including the Spartakiad, which became operational in 1987 under the preparation and guidance of North Koreans – seven BM-rocket battalions, and ten brigades of paramilitary forces.[3]

Forces underarms were estimated at 230,000 in early 1991.[4] Mengistu's People's Militia had also grown to about 200,000 members. The mechanized forces of the army comprised 1,200 T-54/55, 100 T-62 tanks, and 1,100 armored personnel carriers (APCs), but readiness was estimated to be only about 30 percent operational, because of the withdrawal of financial support, lack of maintenance expertise and parts from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other nations.[5]

Ethiopian T-62 tanks at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War.

The army commands consisted of the:

• First Revolutionary Army (headquartered at Harar, 1988: 601st and 602nd Corps[6])
• Second Revolutionary Army (headquartered at Asmera, 1988: 606th-610th Corps)
• Third Revolutionary Army (headquartered at Kombolcha, 1988: 603rd, 604th, 605th Corps)
• Fourth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at Nekemte, 1988: 611th, 612th, 614th Corps)
• Fifth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at Gondar)[7]

To these armies were assigned the operational forces of the army, comprising:

• 31 infantry divisions.[4] The 30th and 31st Infantry Divisions were the last formed, circa November–December 1989.[6] There were also the 102nd Airborne Division and 103rd Commando Divisions, which began training in January 1987.[8]
• 32 tank battalions
• 40 artillery battalions
• 12 air defense battalions
• 8 commando brigades

The International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated in the Military Balance 2009 that the army comprised 4 Military Regional Commands; (Northern (HQ Mekele.[9]), Western, Central, and Eastern) each acting as corps HQ,[10] there also being a Support Command and a strategic reserve of four divisions and six specialist brigades centred on Addis Ababa.

Each of the four corps comprises a headquarters, an estimated one mechanised division and between 4 and 6 infantry divisions.

In 2014 the regional commanders were listed by dissident sources as:

• Central Command, Major General Yohannes Woldegiorgis
• Northern Command, Major General Gebrat Ayele
• Western Command, Major General Birhanu Julla
• Eastern Command, Major General Abraha Woldemariam[11]

The modern ENDF has a wide mix of equipment. Many of its major weapons systems stem from the Communist era and are of Soviet and Eastern bloc design. The United States was Ethiopia's major arms supplier from the end of the Second World War until 1977, when Ethiopia began receiving massive arms shipments from the Soviet Union.[12] These shipments, including armored patrol boats, transport and jet fighter aircraft, helicopters, tanks, trucks, missiles, artillery, and small arms have incurred an unserviced Ethiopian debt to the former Soviet Union estimated at more than $3.5 billion.

Ethiopia made significant purchases of arms from Russia in late 1999 and early 2000 before the May 2000 United Nations arms embargo went into effect.[13] It is likely that much of that equipment suffered battle damage in the war with Eritrea. Thus, raw numbers alone will probably overstate the capacity of the ENDF.

Ethiopian Army soldiers marching in a military parade 2019.

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group	General/flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Ethiopian Ground Forces[20][21]
	የፊልድ ማርሻል ጄኔራል Yefīlidi marishali jēnērali		ጄነራል Jēnerali		ሌተናል ጄነራል Lētenali jēnerali		ሜጀር ጄነራል Mējeri jēnerali		ብርጋዴር ጄነራል Birigadēri jēnerali		ኮሎኔል Kolonēli		ሌተናንት ኮሎኔል Lētenaniti kolonēli		ሻለቃ Shalek’a		ሻምበል Shamibeli		የመቶ ዓለቃ Yemeto ‘alek’a			ምክትል የመቶ ዓለቃ Mikitili yemeto ‘alek’a
	Field marshal general		General		Lieutenant general		Major general		Brigadier general		Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		Lieutenant			Second lieutenant

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Ethiopian Ground Forces[20]																																			No insignia
							ሻለቃ ባሻ Shalek’a basha		ሻለቃ መጋቢ ባሻ Shalek’a megabī basha		ሻምበል ባሻ Shamibeli basha						መጋቢ ሀምሳ ዓለቃ Megabī hāmisa ‘alek’a						ሀምሳ ዓለቃ Hāmisa ‘alek’a				አስር ዓለቃ Āsiri ‘alek’a		ምክትል አስር ዓለቃ Mikitili āsiri ‘alek’a
							Command sergeant major		Staff sergeant major		First sergeant						Master sergeant						Sergeant				Corporal		Lance corporal						Private

The Military Balance 2012 estimated that about 450 BRDM, BMP, BTR-60, BTR-152, and Type 89 armoured fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers were in service.[29]

A total of 150 T-55 - 90 from  Soviet Union, +40 from Belarus, +19 from Bulgaria, +50 from  East Germany, +90 from  Ukraine, and 150 T-54 ( 60 from East Germany) may have been in service over the years. Up to 150 M113 armoured personnel carriers may have been delivered from the United States.

Name	Type	Quantity	Origins	Notes
T-72	Main battle tank	215[27]	Soviet Union	300+ delivered. 50 T-72s (bought from Yemen) 143 T-72UA1 73 T-72B1
T-62	Main battle tank	461+[27]	Soviet Union
T-55	Main battle tank		Soviet Union
BRDM-1	Scout car	100[27]	Soviet Union
BRDM-2	Scout car		Soviet Union
BMP-1	Infantry fighting vehicle	20[27]	Soviet Union	80 received.[30] These vehicles were ordered in 1977 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1977 and 1978.
Type 89	Armoured personnel carrier	10[27]	China
BTR-60	Armoured personnel carrier	300[27]	Soviet Union
BTR-152	Armoured personnel carrier		Soviet Union
Type 92[27]	Armoured personnel carrier	20	China
Gaia Thunder	Armoured personnel carrier	75	Israel
Ze'ev	Armoured personnel carrier	Unknown[27]	Israel
BTS-5B	Armoured recovery vehicle	4[27]	Ukraine	Ex-Ukrainian
Bozena	Demining vehicle	Unknown[27]	Slovakia

16 M55 Quad quadruple anti-aircraft machine guns may have been in service from the US. M163 Vulcan self-propelled anti-aircraft guns may have been ordered but never delivered.

Name	Type	Quantity	Origins	Notes
HQ-64	Surface-to-air missile	1 system[33]	China
S-75 Dvina	Surface-to-air missile	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
S-125 Pechora	Surface-to-air missile	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
9K32 Strela-2	Man-portable air-defense system	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
9K310 Igla-1	Man-portable air-defense system	Unknown[26]	Soviet Union
Pantsir-S1	Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun	4 system[33]	Russia
ZSU-23-4 Shilka	23mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
ZU-23-2	23mm towed anti-aircraft gun	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
M1939	37mm towed anti-aircraft gun	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
S-60	57mm towed anti-aircraft gun	Unknown[27]	Soviet Union
Kolchuga	Electronic warfare support measures	3[33]	Ukraine

• Fontanellaz, Adrien; Cooper, Tom (2018). Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars: Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001. Africa@War No. 30. Warwick: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-912390-30-4.
• International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352.
• Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Berry, LaVerle Bennette, eds. (1993). Ethiopia: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 92000507. Retrieved 21 December 2021.