United Airlines Flight 175

United Airlines Flight 175 was a domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport in California that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-200 carrying 65 passengers and crew, was deliberately crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone aboard and causing the deaths of more than 600[lower-alpha 2] people in the South Tower's upper levels in addition to an unknown number of civilians and emergency personnel on floors beneath the impact zone. Flight 175's hijacking not only led to it being the second-deadliest of the four suicide attacks carried out on the day in terms of plane and ground fatalities, but also secured its place as second-deadliest plane crash in aviation history, surpassed only by American Airlines Flight 11.

Not to be confused with United Airlines Flight 173 or United Airlines Flight 1175.

United Airlines Flight 175
UA 175's path from Boston to New York City on September 11, 2001
Hijacking
DateTuesday, September 11, 2001 (2001-09-11)
SummaryTerrorist suicide hijacking
SiteSouth Tower (WTC 2) of the World Trade Center, New York City, U.S.
40°42′38.8″N 74°00′47.3″W
Total fatalitiesc. 1,060[lower-alpha 1] (2,763 combined with AA 11)
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 767-200
OperatorUnited Airlines
IATA flight No.UA175
ICAO flight No.UAL175
Call signUNITED 175
RegistrationN612UA
Flight originLogan International Airport, Boston
DestinationLos Angeles International Airport
Occupants65 (including 5 hijackers)
Passengers56 (including 5 hijackers)
Crew9
Fatalities65 (including 5 hijackers)
Survivors0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalitiesc. 1,000 in or near the South Tower of the World Trade Center

Flight 175 departed from Logan at 08:14. Twenty-eight minutes into the flight, the hijackers injured several crew members, forced their way into the cockpit, and murdered both pilots while moving anyone who remained to the rear of the aircraft. Lead hijacker Marwan al-Shehhi, who had trained as a pilot for the purposes of the attacks, was able to usurp the flight controls once the captain and first officer were eliminated. Unlike the team on Flight 11, the terrorists aboard Flight 175 did not switch off the plane’s transponder when they took over the cockpit. Thus, the aircraft was visible on New York Center's radar, which depicted the deviation from its assigned flight path before controllers took notice four minutes later at 08:51 EDT. Upon realizing, the ATC workers immediately made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the cockpit of the hijacked airliner, which twice nearly collided with other planes as it recklessly flew toward New York City. In the interim, three people were able to get through to their family members and colleagues on the ground, passing on information to do with the hijackers as well as casualties suffered by the flight crew.

No more than 21 minutes after the hijacking began, al-Shehhi crashed the airplane into the South Tower's south face from floors 77 through 85 as part of an attack coordinated with the takeover of Flight 11, which struck the upper floors of World Trade Center's North Tower at 08:46. Media coverage of the disaster that began in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier meant Flight 175's impact at 09:03 was the only one of the four attacks to be televised live around the world. The damage done to the South Tower by the crash and subsequent fire caused its collapse 55 minutes later at 09:58, killing anyone still inside. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers uncovered and identified remains from some Flight 175 victims, but many victims have not been identified.

Background

Attacks
Main article: September 11 attacks

The flight was hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks. The team was assembled by al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who also provided the financial and logistical support, and was led by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who devised the plot. Bin Laden and Mohammed, along with the hijackers, were motivated by anti-US sentiment. The attacks were given the go ahead by bin Laden in late 1998 or early 1999. The World Trade Center was chosen as one of the targets due to it being a prominent American symbol that represented economic prowess.[2]

Hijackers
See also: Hijackers in the September 11 attacks § United Airlines Flight 175: Two World Trade Center, South Tower

The team of hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175 was led by Marwan al-Shehhi, originally from the United Arab Emirates with a stint in Hamburg, Germany as a student. By January 2001, the pilot hijackers had completed their training; Shehhi obtained a commercial pilot licence while training in South Florida,[2] along with American Airlines Flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and Flight 93 hijacker Ziad Jarrah. The hijackers on Flight 175 included Fayez Banihammad, also from the UAE, and three Saudis: brothers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi, as well as Mohand al-Shehri.[3][4]

The hijackers were trained at an al-Qaeda camp called Mes Aynak in Kabul, Afghanistan, where they learned about weapons and explosives, followed by training in Karachi, Pakistan, where they learned about "Western culture and travel". Afterwards, they went to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for exercises in airport security and surveillance. Part of the training in Malaysia included boarding flights operated by US carriers so they could observe pre-boarding security screenings, flight crew movements around the cabin, and the timing of cabin services.[2][5]

A month before the attacks, Marwan al-Shehhi purchased two four-inch (10 cm) pocket knives from a Sports Authority store in Boynton Beach, Florida, while Banihammad bought a two-piece "snap" utility knife set at a Wal-Mart, and Hamza al-Ghamdi bought a Leatherman Wave multi-tool.[3][4] The hijackers arrived in Boston from Florida between September 7 and 9.[6]

Flight
N612UA, the hijacked aircraft, at San Francisco International Airport in 1999

The flight was operated by a Boeing 767-200, registration number N612UA. It had its first flight on January 27, 1983 and delivered to United Airlines on February 23, 1983.[7][8] It had a capacity of 168 passengers (10 in first class, 32 in business class, and 126 in economy class). On the day of the attacks, the flight carried only 56 passengers and 9 crew, which represented a 33 percent load factor – well below the average load factor of 49 percent in the three months preceding September 11.[4] The youngest person on Flight 175 was Christine Hanson, aged two and a half,[9] and the oldest was 82-year-old Dorothy DeAraujo of Long Beach, California.[10] Among the other passengers were hockey scout Garnett Bailey, and former athlete Mark Bavis.

The nine crew members included Captain Victor Saracini (51), First Officer Michael Horrocks (38),[11][12]

United Airlines Flight 175 Cabin Crew:
Name Age Jumpseat Class Of Service
Purser Kathryn Laborie 44 1L First Class
Flight Attendant #2 Michael Tarrou 38 3L Coach Class
Flight Attendant #3 Amy Jarret 28 3R Coach Class
Flight Attendant #4 Robert Fangman 33 2C Business Class
Flight Attendant #5 Alfred Marchand 41 1C First Class
Flight Attendant #6 Alicia Titus 28 2C Coach Class
Flight Attendant #7 Amy King 29 1C Business Class

Boarding
Gate C19 at Boston's Logan International Airport was the boarding gate of United Flight 175 on September 11, 2001. An American flag was added to memorialize the site.

Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts.[13] They arrived at the United Airlines counter in Terminal C at 06:20 Eastern Time and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked two bags. Both hijackers indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, even though they already had paper tickets, which were purchased approximately 2 weeks before the attacks.[2] They had trouble answering the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until satisfied with their responses.[4][14] Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi checked a single bag at 06:45, and the other remaining hijackers, Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri, checked in at 06:53; Banihammad checked two bags.[4] None of the Flight 175 hijackers were selected for extra scrutiny by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS).[15]

Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded Flight 175 between 07:23 and 07:28. Banihammad boarded first and sat in first class seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was in seat 2B. At 07:27, Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in business class seats 6C and 9D, respectively. One minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded and sat in 9C.[4][15]

The flight was scheduled to depart at 08:00 for Los Angeles. Fifty-one passengers and the five hijackers boarded the 767 through Terminal C's Gate 19. The plane pushed back at 07:58 and took off at 08:14 from Runway 9,[4][16] about the same time Flight 11 was hijacked. By 08:33, the aircraft reached cruising altitude of 31,000 feet (9,400 m), which is the point when cabin service would normally begin.[4] At 08:37, air traffic controllers asked the pilots of Flight 175 whether they could see American Airlines Flight 11. The crew first responded saying they could not locate the hijacked plane but would continue looking. They then responded that Flight 11 was at 29,000 feet (8,800 m), and controllers instructed Flight 175 to turn and avoid the aircraft.[17] The pilots declared that they had heard a suspicious transmission from Flight 11 upon takeoff. "Sounds like someone keyed the mic and said 'Everyone, stay in your seats'," the flight crew reported. This was the last transmission from Flight 175.[18][16]

Hijacking

Investigators determined that the hijackers launched their assault at 08:42, and were in full control of the plane by 08:46, the same minute Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower.[19] It is believed that hijackers Banihammad and al-Shehri forcibly entered the cockpit and attacked the pilots while the al-Ghamdis commanded passengers and crew to the aft of the cabin and al-Shehhi took over the controls.[16][20] Knives were used to stab the flight crew and kill both pilots.[2][16] One passenger also reported, during a phone call, the use of mace and bomb threats.[16] The first operational evidence that something was abnormal on Flight 175 came one minute after the North Tower was struck, when the plane's transponder signal changed twice within the span of one minute, and the aircraft began deviating from its assigned course.[16][20] However, the air traffic controller in charge of the flight did not notice until minutes later at 08:51.[4] Unlike Flight 11, which had turned its transponder off, Flight 175's flight data could still be properly monitored.[20] Also, at 08:51, Flight 175 changed altitude. Over the next three minutes, the controller made five unsuccessful attempts to contact Flight 175 and worked to move other aircraft in the vicinity away from Flight 175.[4] At 08:55 a supervisor at the New York Air Traffic Control Center notified the center's operations manager of the Flight 175 hijacking. Dave Bottiglia – the controller who was handling both Flight 11 and Flight 175 – remarked, "We might have a hijack over here, two of them."[4]

Near misses

Around this time, the flight had a near midair collision with Delta Air Lines Flight 2315 flying from Hartford to Tampa, reportedly missing the plane by only 200 feet (60 m).[21][22] Bottiglia yelled at the Delta pilot to make collision avoidance maneuvers, adding, "I think [Flight 175] has been hijacked. I don’t know his intentions. Take any evasive action necessary."[21][22] Moments before Flight 175 crashed, it narrowly avoided colliding with Midwest Express Flight 7, which was flying from Milwaukee to New York.[23]

Calls

Flight attendant Robert Fangman and passengers Peter Hanson and Brian David Sweeney made phone calls from GTE airphones in the rear of the aircraft. Airphone records also indicate that passenger Garnet Bailey made four phone call attempts to his wife.[24][25]

At 08:52, Robert Fangman called a United Airlines maintenance office in San Francisco and spoke with Marc Policastro.[16][26] Fangman reported the hijacking and said the hijackers were likely flying the plane. He mentioned that both pilots were dead and that a flight attendant had been stabbed.[16] After a minute and 15 seconds, the call was disconnected.[24] Policastro subsequently made attempts to contact the aircraft's cockpit using the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) message system. He wrote, "I heard of a reported incident aboard your acft [aircraft]. Plz verify all is normal." He received no reply.[4]

Brian David Sweeney tried calling his wife, Julie, at 08:59, but ended up leaving a message letting her know the plane had been hijacked. He then called his parents at 09:00 and spoke with his mother, Louise. Sweeney told his mother about the hijacking and mentioned that passengers were considering storming the cockpit and taking control of the aircraft.[16] Concerned that the hijackers would return, he informed her that he might have to hang up quickly. After saying their goodbyes, he hung up.[27]

At 08:52, Peter Hanson called his father, Lee Hanson, in Easton, Connecticut. Hanson was traveling with his wife, Sue, and their two-year-old daughter, Christine, the youngest victim of the September 11 attacks. The family was originally seated in Row 19, in seats C, D, and E; however, Peter placed the call to his father from seat 30E. Speaking softly, Hanson said the hijackers had commandeered the cockpit, a flight attendant had been stabbed, and that possibly someone else in the front of the aircraft had been killed. He also said the plane was flying erratically. Hanson asked his father to contact United Airlines, but Lee could not get through and instead called the police.[16][28]

Peter Hanson made a second phone call to his father at 09:00:

It's getting bad, Dad. A stewardess was stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace. They said they have a bomb. It's getting very bad on the plane. Passengers are throwing up and getting sick. The plane is making jerky movements. I don't think the pilot is flying the plane. I think we are going down. I think they intend to go to Chicago or someplace and fly into a building. Don't worry, Dad. If it happens, it'll be very fast ... Oh, my God ... oh, my God, oh, my God.[22]

As the call abruptly ended, Hanson's father heard a woman screaming.[22] He then switched on the television, as did Louise Sweeney in her own home, and both witnessed as the plane struck the South Tower.[29]

Crash

At 08:58, Flight 175 was over New Jersey at 28,500 feet, by which point Shehhi would have seen the smoke pouring from the North Tower in the distance.[30] The airplane was in a sustained power dive of more than 24,000 feet in 5 minutes 4 seconds between approximately 08:58 and the moment of impact, at an average rate of over 5,000 feet per minute.[20] Bottiglia later said that he and his colleagues "were counting down the altitudes, and they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial jet."[22]

Diagram of the impact position of both aircraft
Diagram showing how debris from both aircraft fell after the impact
World Trade Center site with WTC 2
Flight 175, seconds before crashing into the South Tower (only the northern facade is visible) as the North Tower burns.

Two minutes before impact, New York Center alerted another nearby Air Traffic Facility responsible for low-flying aircraft, which was able to monitor the aircraft's path as it flew over New Jersey, followed by Staten Island and Upper New York Bay as al-Shehhi lined the plane up to strike the South Tower.[20] The aircraft was in a banking left turn in its final moments, as it appeared the plane might have otherwise missed the building or merely scraped it with a wing. Therefore, those on the left side would have had a clear view of the towers approaching, with one burning.[22] At 09:03,[lower-alpha 3] Flight 175 crashed nose-first into the South Tower's southern façade over 500 miles per hour (800 km/h; 220 m/s; 430 kn),[lower-alpha 4] striking through floors 77 and 85[36][37] with approximately 9,100 U.S. gallons (34,000 L; 7,600 imp gal) of jet fuel on board.[38]

Flight 175 explodes after hitting the South Tower.

By the time Flight 175 struck the South Tower, multiple media organizations were already covering the first plane crash in the North Tower 17 minutes earlier, with millions watching all around the globe.[39] The image of Flight 175's crash was thus caught on video from multiple vantage points on live television and amateur video, while close to a hundred cameras captured Flight 175 in photographs before it crashed.[40] Video footage of the crash was replayed numerous times in news broadcasts on the day of the attacks and in the days that followed, before major news networks put restrictions on use of the footage.[41] The initial assumption was that the crash of Flight 11 had been an accident, a mistaken belief that also hindered the process of immediately evacuating the South Tower after the first plane struck the North.[42] The sight of Flight 175 deliberately crashing into the South Tower in full view of the New York skyline less than 20 minutes after the same thing happened to North Tower confirmed to the entire world it was a terrorist attack.[43][44]

The Port Authority initiated an immediate full-scale evacuation of the North Tower within moments of Flight 11's impact. However, in what is universally considered to be the worst decision made that morning, the same was not done for the South Tower during the 17 minute window between the two impacts; instead, the Port Authority instructed workers to remain in place.[45] In spite of these hindrances, the number of people who would have been killed in the South Tower still reduced considerably after 08:46, and an estimated 2,900 descended from the trapped floors before the tower was even hit.[46]

Nonetheless, more than 600 people were still present on floors 77―110 at 09:03. The impact killed hundreds, including everyone on the plane and many more inside the South Tower. Somewhere in the neighborhood of 300 people survived the crash, but were trapped by the catastrophic damage done to the skyscraper as well as the heat, fire, and smoke filling its upper levels.[47] Unlike at the North Tower, however, a single stairway in the northwest corner was physically intact and negotiable from top to bottom after Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower. While Flight 11 crashed almost directly midway into the North Tower's central core and severed all escape routes from the 92nd floor up, al-Shehhi flew the plane into the eastern half of the South Tower's southern facade near the southeast corner while also banking at a severe angle, narrowly missing Stairwell A by pure fluke.[37][48] Only 18 people passed the impact zone through the available stairway and left the South Tower safely before it collapsed. One of these survivors, Stanley Praimnath, saw the plane coming toward him.[49][50] Smoke, isolated fires and hot gases ventilating through the stairs compelled those who were trapped to either avoid using them entirely, or to head upward in the hopes of a rooftop rescue,[51] while it has been suggested that others may have been in the process of descending from the impact zone when the tower collapsed at 09:58.[52][53] In any case, those who did not make it out succumbed to the fire and smoke or tower's eventual collapse. At least four[lower-alpha 5] people fell to their deaths from the upper floors of the South Tower, two of whom had jumped to escape conditions inside; a firefighter reporting to the South Tower was killed when one of these two landed on him.

The impact of Flight 175 also did some minor damage to the already-burning North Tower, as some windows on east face nearest to the South Tower were seen to have shattered the moment the pressure wave generated by the fireball hit them,[59] something which worsened the fires in that building.[60]: 63  After the plane passed through the tower, part of the plane's landing gear and fuselage came out the north side of the skyscraper and crashed through the roof and two of the floors of 45–47 Park Place, between West Broadway and Church Street, 600 feet (200 yd; 180 m) north of the former World Trade Center. Three floor beams of the top floor of the building were destroyed, causing major structural damage.[34][61][62][63]

Aftermath
Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center

Flight 175's crash into the South Tower was faster and lower down than that of the North Tower, impacting close to a corner rather than midway into the structure, compromising its structural integrity more. Thus, there was far more structural weight pressing down on an unbalanced, damaged section of the building on fire.[64] The South Tower collapsed at 09:58:59,[65]: 80 [66]: 322  after burning for 55 minutes,[lower-alpha 6] being the first of the two skyscrapers to collapse despite being the second to be hit, and only burning for around half the amount of time as the North Tower did before it fell. Nobody who was in the South Tower at the time of its collapse survived.[67]

The flight recorder for Flight 175, as with Flight 11's, was never found.[68] Some debris from Flight 175 was recovered nearby, including the landing gear found on top of a building on the corner of West Broadway and Park Place, an engine found at Church and Murray Street, and a section of the fuselage which landed on top of 5 World Trade Center.[69][70] In April 2013, a piece of the inboard wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767[71] was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place.[72]

During the recovery process, small fragments were identified from some passengers on Flight 175, including a 6 in (150 mm) piece of bone belonging to Peter Hanson,[73] and small bone fragments of Lisa Frost.[74] In 2008, the remains of Flight 175 passenger Alona Abraham were identified using DNA samples.[75] Remains of many others aboard Flight 175 were never recovered.[76]

Shortly after September 11, the number for future flights on the same route was changed from 175 to 1525.[77] Since then, United Airlines has renumbered and rescheduled all flights from Boston to Los Angeles. United Airlines Flight 311[78] now operates the Boston to LAX route, leaving at 08:30 and is operated by a Boeing 737 MAX 9. It was reported in May 2011 that United was reactivating flight numbers 175 and 93 as a codeshare operated by Continental, sparking an outcry from some in the media and the labor union representing United pilots.[79][80][81] However, United said the reactivation was a mistake and said the numbers were "inadvertently reinstated", and would not be reactivated.[80]

The names of the victims of Flight 175 are inscribed at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[82]

The federal government provided financial aid – a minimum of $500,000 – for the families of victims who died in the attack. Individuals who accepted funds from the government were required to forfeit their ability to sue any entity for damages.[83] More than $7 billion has been paid out to victims by the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, although that figure includes damages to those who were injured or killed on the other hijacked flights or the towers.[84] In total, lawsuits were filed on behalf of 96 people against the airline and associated companies. The vast majority were settled under terms that were not made public, but the total compensation is estimated to be around $500 million.[85][84] Only one lawsuit progressed to a civil trial; a wrongful death filing by the family of Mark Bavis against the airline, Boeing, and the airport's security company.[84] This was eventually settled in September 2011.[85] US President George Bush, other top officials, and various government agencies were also sued by Ellen Mariani, widow of passenger Louis Neil Mariani.[86][87][88] Her cases were deemed to be frivolous.[89]

  • A piece of Flight 175 embedded in the South Tower after the crash
    A piece of Flight 175 embedded in the South Tower after the crash
  • A piece of fuselage on the roof of 5 World Trade Center
    A piece of fuselage on the roof of 5 World Trade Center
  • Airplane engine parts from Flight 175
    Airplane engine parts from Flight 175
  • Panel S-2 of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum's South Pool, one of three on which the names of victims from Flight 175 are inscribed
    Panel S-2 of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum's South Pool, one of three on which the names of victims from Flight 175 are inscribed
  • A portion of the fuselage from the flight
    A portion of the fuselage from the flight

See also

References

Notes
  1. It is impossible to definitively know exactly how many people died from the hijacking and crash of United Airlines Flight 175, since this crash and the one of American Airlines Flight 11 happened in the same place, at about the same time, and it is hard to distinguish who died from which plane. It is known for certain, however, that the sum of plane and ground fatalities is 2,763. In addition to the rough estimate of 1,000 ground fatalities blamed on Flight 175, the number of people aboard the hijacked flight was 65. The death toll of Flight 175 thus comes out to approximately 1,060 when rounded.
  2. The precise number of those killed or trapped by Flight 175's impact has never been conclusively verified, although it is estimated that between 619 and 690 people were present on floors 77―110 at 09:03 and only 18 of them survived.[1]
  3. The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission report says 9:03:11,[16][31] NIST reports 9:02:59,[32] some other sources report 9:03:02.[33]
  4. Sources disagree on the exact speed of impact. NTSB study in 2002 concluded around 515 mph (448 kn; 230 m/s; 829 km/h),[34] whereas MIT study concluded 503 mph (437 kn; 225 m/s; 810 km/h).[35]
  5. The NIST report documented three victims who fell from the South Tower's east face, one of whom had evidently jumped to his death[54] and two more who had tried to climb down.[55][56] The fourth went unnoticed by NIST, but was a woman[57] who jumped[58] from the tower's south face and landed on firefighter Danny Suhr near the intersection of West and Liberty Streets.[52]
  6. NIST and the 9/11 Commission both give the time as 9:58:59 a.m., which is subsequently rounded to 9:59 for simplicity. If the Commission's claim that the South Tower was struck at 9:03:11 is to be believed, then it collapsed after 55 minutes and 48 seconds, not 56 minutes.

Citations
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation (PDF). p. 238.
  2. Shane 2009.
  3. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008, p. 218.
  4. 9/11 Commission 2004b.
  5. 9/11 Commission 2004a, pp. 156–158.
  6. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008, p. 261.
  7. "N612UA United Airlines Boeing 767-200". www.planespotters.net. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  8. "Brief of Accident". National Transportation Safety Board. March 7, 2006. DCA01MA063. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  9. Hirschkorn, Phil (April 11, 2006). "Father recalls son's last words on 9/11". CNN. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  10. Wilson, Mike (September 10, 2005). "Lisa Frost, A Recent College Graduate, Was on Her Way to California to Visit Her Family L". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
  11. Burke, Susan. "Four Pilot Lights – Nothing Could Extinguish their Flames". Air Line Pilots Association. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
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  13. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008, p. 288.
  14. Federal Bureau of Investigation (September 21, 2001). "Interview with Gail Jawahir" (PDF). Intelfiles. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  15. 9/11 Commission 2004a, p. 2.
  16. 9/11 Commission 2004a, pp. 7–8.
  17. Ellison, Michael (October 17, 2001). "'We have planes. Stay quiet' – Then silence". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  18. Wald, Matthew L.; Sack, Kevin (October 16, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,' Hijacker Said on Sept. 11". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  19. & 9/11 Commission 2004a, p. 28.
  20. NTSB 2002a.
  21. "Report: hijacked plane nearly hit flight from Bradley". SouthCoastToday.com. September 12, 2002. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  22. "Flight 175: As the World Watched (TLC documentary)". The Learning Channel. December 2005. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.
  23. Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11. Simon and Schuster. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-1416559252.
  24. "Exhibit #P200018, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui". United States District Court, Eastern District of Virginia. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  25. "The Four Flights – Staff Statement No. 4" (PDF). 9/11 Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  26. Davidsson 2013, p. 173.
  27. "Widow: 9/11 passengers planned to resist". edition.cnn.com. March 10, 2004. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  28. Serrano, Richard A. (April 11, 2006). "Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  29. Hirschkorn, Phil (April 11, 2006). "Father recalls son's last words on 9/11". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. McMillan, Tom (2014). Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 73. ISBN 978-1442232853. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  31. 9/11 Commission 2004b, p. 24.
  32. NIST 2005, p. 27.
  33. "Timeline for United Airlines Flight 175". NPR. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  34. NTSB 2002b.
  35. Kausel, Eduardo. "Speed of Aircraft" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  36. Weiss, Dick (September 11, 2011). "Touching 9/11 tribute to Welles Crowther, selfless hero, before Central Florida-Boston College game". NY Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  37. 9/11 Commission 2004a, p. 293.
  38. NIST 2005, p. 38.
  39. Deans, Jason. "'Within 10 minutes of the first crash, around 4m people were in front of a TV watching the tragedy unfold.'". The Guardian. Retrieved September 12, 2001.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. Boxer, Sarah (September 11, 2002). "One Camera, Then Thousands, Indelibly Etching a Day of Loss". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  41. Bauder, David (August 21, 2002). "The violent images of 9-11 will return to television screens, but to what extent?". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
  42. "Preliminary Results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study – New York City, 2003". Retrieved November 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. "9:03 a.m.: The 9/11 moment when many grasped a new reality". The Mercury News. September 10, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. "'By 9:05 a.m., it was clear America was under attack'". CNBC. September 11, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. 9/11 Commission 2004a, p. 334-335.
  46. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation (PDF). p. 92.
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