Francevillian biota
The Francevillian biota (Also referred to as Gabon macrofossils, Gabonionta or Francevillian group fossils) are a collection of 2.1-billion-year-old Palaeoproterozoic, macroscopic fossils of organisms known from the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation in Gabon, a black shale province notable for its lack of any noticeable metamorphism.[1] The fossils are postulated to be evidence of the earliest form of multicellular life, and of eukaryotes.[1] They were discovered by an international team led by Moroccan-French geologist Abderrazak El Albani, of the University of Poitiers, France. While they have yet to be assigned to a formal taxonomic position, they have been informally and collectively referred to as the "Gabonionta", including by the Natural History Museum Vienna in 2014.[2]
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Further macroscopic fossils, discovered in 2023, were characterized as multicellular eukaryotes.[3][4]
Morphology
The fossil organisms are up to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in size.[5][6] Their bodies were flattened disks with a characteristic morphology, including circular and elongated individuals. A spherical to ellipsoidal central body is bounded by radial structures. The fossils show three-dimensionality and coordinated growth.[5] Cell-cell communication must be assumed as it existed before multi-cellularity arose.[7]
A newer 2014 study by El Albani et al. describes multiple types of fossils with different morphologies. There are convoluted tubes, and "string of pearls"-like structures that terminate in a "flower". This is similar to dictyostelid slime molds, amoebal organisms that form multicellular assemblies to migrate. However, dictyostelids are terrestrial, not marine organisms so the structures cannot simply be dictyostelids. Among known fossils, the Ediacaran Nemiana and Beltanelloides are most similar when compared to the "string of pearls".[1]
In 2023, subsequent fossils were discovered, and characterized as eukaryotes. They appear to be flattened lenticular disks reaching up to 4.5 cm in diameter, with a chambered interior surrounded by a notched ridge about 1/6th of the diameter in width. The latter has been hypothesized to play a role in their movement through the water column, as the organisms were likely planktonic.[4] They were found to have an unusual concentration of zinc compared to the surrounding sediments, an element performing key function in eukaryote biochemistry.
Locality
The findings come from shales of the Franceville basin with a high fossil density of up to 40 individuals per square meter. Presumably, the organisms survived at the bottom in shallow sea water in colonies. The geochemistry of the fossil site indicates that they lived on the sediment under an oxygenated water column of a prograding delta, and they might have engaged in aerobic respiration.[5]
Interpretations
In describing the fossils, El Albani and colleagues described them as colonial organisms with possible affinities to eukaryotes, akin to microbial mats, albeit unlike any known structures in the fossil record, yet noting the complexity of the fossils and presence of sterane as suggestive of possible eukaryote identity. In a concurrent news report in Nature, paleontologist Philip Donoghue of Bristol University advocates a more conservative approach pending further evidence before calling them eukaryotes.
Another view, held by Yale's Adolf Seilacher, interprets the fossils as not organisms at all, but rather pseudofossils of inorganic pyrites.[8] El Albani et al. (2014) explicitly disputes Seilacher's interpretation. Both pyritized and unpyritized impressions of the structures remain, as well as lightly pyritized forms. The structures formed in a single event, at the same time as the sediment. This is demonstrated by the uniform distribution of sulfur isotope ratios within the sample. In pyrite flowers, which crystallize slowly, the isotope ratio would vary within the structure. For structures that resemble pollen, chemical analysis also shows that the material in the walls of the "pollen" contains organic material.[1]
Fate
The Francevillian biota disappears and is absent in the overlying black shale. El Albani attributes this to their extinction. The biota formed with the Great Oxidation Event, a temporary increase in atmospheric oxygen, and became extinct from marine anoxia when the event was terminated by the drop in oxygen levels of the Lomagundi event. The biota represents the earliest known experiment in multicellularity.[1]
See also
References
- El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Riboulleau, Armelle; Rollion Bard, Claire; Macchiarelli, Roberto; et al. (2014). "The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota: Biogenicity, Taphonomy and Biodiversity". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e99438. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999438E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099438. PMC 4070892. PMID 24963687.
- Experiment Life – the Gabonionta. (Press Release). 4 March 2014. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
- El Albani, Abderrazak (2 May 2023). "Coopération scientifique France-Gabon: Découverte des plus vieux eucaryotes planctoniques macroscopiques au Gabon" (PDF). Libreville, Gabon: Embassy of France in Gabon and University of Poitiers.
- El Albani, Abderrazak. "A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 623. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169.
- El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Bekker, Andrey; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Mazurier, Arnaud; Hammarlund, Emma U.; et al. (2010). "Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 466 (7302): 100–104. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..100A. doi:10.1038/nature09166. PMID 20596019. S2CID 4331375.
- "Une vie complexe il y a 2 milliards d'années : l'hypothèse se confirme !". futura-sciences.com (in French). 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- Sebe-Pedros, A.; Roger, A. J.; Lang, F. B.; King, N.; Ruiz-Trillo, I. (2010). "Ancient origin of the integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling machinery". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (22): 10142–10147. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10710142S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002257107. PMC 2890464. PMID 20479219.
- Maxmen, Amy (30 June 2010). "Ancient macrofossils unearthed in West Africa". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.323.