Gliese 1214

Gliese 1214 is a dim M4.5[4] red dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7.[3] It is located at a distance of 47.8 light-years (14.7 parsecs) from Earth.[12] The star is about one-fifth the radius of the Sun[13] with a surface temperature estimated to be 3,110 K (2,840 °C; 5,140 °F).[9] Its luminosity is only 0.35% that of the Sun.[9]

Gliese 1214

This artist's impression shows how the super-Earth orbiting the nearby star GJ 1214 may look.
Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Ophiuchus[1]
Right ascension 17h 15m 18.93399s[2]
Declination +04° 57′ 50.0666″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 14.71±0.03[3]
Characteristics
Spectral type M4.5[4]
Apparent magnitude (B) 16.40[5]
Apparent magnitude (R) 14.394 ± 0.17[5]
Apparent magnitude (I) 11.52 ± 0.03[3]
Apparent magnitude (J) 9.750±0.024[6]
Apparent magnitude (H) 9.094±0.024[6]
Apparent magnitude (K) 8.782±0.020[6]
B−V color index 1.73[7]
V−R color index 0.9
R−I color index 2.7
Variable type planetary transit[8]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+20.91±0.65[2] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 580.202 mas/yr[2]
Dec.: −749.713 mas/yr[2]
Parallax (π)68.2986 ± 0.0652 mas[2]
Distance47.75 ± 0.05 ly
(14.64 ± 0.01 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)14.10
Details
Mass0.181±0.005[9] M☉
Radius0.204±0.0085[9] R☉
Luminosity0.00351±0.00010[9] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.991±0.029[8] cgs
Temperature3,111+69
−66[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.11±0.09[9] dex
Rotation125±5 d[10]
Age5–10[11] Gyr
Other designations
GJ 1214, G 139-21, LHS 3275, LSPM J1715+0457, NLTT 44431, TIC 467929202, 2MASS J17151894+0457496, UBV M 53793, USNO-B1.0 0949-00280047, GEN# +9.80139021[5]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata
Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia		data

The estimate for the stellar radius is 15% larger than predicted by theoretical models.[8] It also shows a 1% intrinsic variability in the near-infrared probably caused by stellar spots.[3] The star is rotating slowly, with a period that is most likely an integer multiple of 53 days. It is probably at least three billion years old and a member of the old thin disk of the Milky Way.[3] Although GJ 1214 has a low to moderate level of magnetic activity, it does undergo flares and is a source of X-ray emission with a base luminosity of 7.4×1025 erg s−1. The temperature of the stellar corona is estimated to be about 3.5×106 K.[11]

In 2021–2022, the star is suspected to be in the low-activity phase of its magnetic starspot cycle.[14]

Planetary system

In mid-December 2009, a team of Harvard-Smithsonian astronomers announced the discovery of a companion extrasolar planet, Gliese 1214 b, potentially composed largely of water and having the mass and diameter of a super-Earth,[8][13] though now more often described as a mini-Neptune based on its composition.[15]

Discovered by the MEarth Project and investigated further by the HARPS spectrograph on ESO’s 3.6-metre telescope at La Silla, GJ 1214 b was the second super-Earth exoplanet for which astronomers determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure. It was also the first super-Earth around which an atmosphere was found. A search for additional planets using transit timing variations was negative.[3]

No transit-time variations have yet been found for this transit. As of 2012, "the given data does not allow us to conclude that there is a [second] planet in the mass range 0.1–5 Earth-masses and the period range 0.76–1.23 or 1.91–3.18 days."[16] The X-ray flux from the host star is estimated to have stripped 2–5.6 MEarth from the planet over the lifetime of the system.[11]

In August 2022, this planetary system was included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project.[17]

The Gliese 1214 planetary system[18]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 8.17±0.43 M🜨 0.01490±0.00026 1.58040433±0.00000013 <0.063 88.7±0.1° 2.742+0.050
−0.053 R🜨

See also

References
  1. Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
  2. Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia Collaboration) (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv:2208.00211. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  3. Berta, Zachory K.; et al. (2011). "The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (1). 12. arXiv:1012.0518. Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...12B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/12. S2CID 118428858.
  4. Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; et al. (2010). "Metal-rich M-Dwarf Planet Hosts: Metallicities with K-band Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 720 (1): L113–L118. arXiv:1007.4593. Bibcode:2010ApJ...720L.113R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L113. S2CID 118378322.
  5. "Gliese 1214". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
  6. Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331. Vizier catalog entry
  7. van Altena, William F.; et al. The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes. Yale University Observatory. ASIN B000UG5T6Y.Vizier catalog entry
  8. Charbonneau, David; et al. (2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star". Nature. 462 (7275): 891–894. arXiv:0912.3229. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..891C. doi:10.1038/nature08679. PMID 20016595. S2CID 4360404.
  9. Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (1): 23. arXiv:2106.07656. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...40P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea. S2CID 235435757. 40.
  10. Mallonn, M.; et al. (2018). "GJ 1214: Rotation period, starspots, and uncertainty on the optical slope of the transmission spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 614. A35. arXiv:1803.05677. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..35M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732300. S2CID 73721250.
  11. Lalitha, S.; et al. (July 2014). "X-Ray Emission from the Super-Earth Host GJ 1214". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 790 (1): 5. arXiv:1407.2741. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790L..11L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/790/1/L11. S2CID 118774018. L11.
  12. Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; Boss, Alan P.; Weinberger, Alycia J.; Lloyd, James P. (2012). "GJ 1214b revised. Improved trigonometric parallax, stellar parameters, orbital solution, and bulk properties for the super-Earth GJ 1214b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A48. arXiv:1210.8087v3. Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..48A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219250. S2CID 55117987.
  13. David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16). "Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  14. Henry, Gregory W.; Bean, Jacob L. (2023), C14 Automatic Imaging Telescope Photometry of GJ 1214, arXiv:2302.07874
  15. Brennan, Pat (10 May 2023). "NASA's Webb Takes Closest Look Yet at Mysterious Planet". NASA. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  16. Kennet B. W. Harpsøe; et al. (2012). "The Transiting System Gliese 1214". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A10. arXiv:1207.3064. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..10H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219996. S2CID 53418632.
  17. "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  18. Cloutier, Ryan; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola (2021), "A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multiplanet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (5): 174, arXiv:2107.14732, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..174C, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584, S2CID 236635146

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