Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)
Gharib Nawaz (born Pamheiba, 1690–1751, Meitei: /pāmheiba/,[1] Sanskrit: Gopal Singh,[2][1] Persian: Ghareeb Nawaaj/Garib Niwaj[3][4]) was a Meitei ruler of Manipur Kingdom,[5] ruling from c. 1709 until his death. He introduced Hinduism as the state religion of his kingdom (1717) and changed the name of the kingdom to the Sanskrit Manipur (1724). He changed his royal name from his birth name Pamheipa to the Persianate Gharib Nawaz.[3][4]
| Pamheiba (Persian: Garibniwaz) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meidingu, Ningthou & Maharaja of Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur kingdom') | |||||
_ordered_by_Meitei_King_Pamheiba_(AKA_Garib_Niwaj_or_Gopal_Singh)_under_the_influence_of_Bengali_Hindu_missionary_Shantidas_Gosai_(AKA_Shantidas_Goswami_or_Shantidas_Adhikari).jpg.webp) Depiction of Pamheiba ordering the burning of books written in Meitei script so as to replace it with Bengali script for writing Meitei language | |||||
| Coronation | 1720 | ||||
| Predecessor | Pitambar Charairongba | ||||
| Successor | Gaurisiam | ||||
| Born | Pamheiba 23 December 1690 | ||||
| Died | 13 December 1751 (aged 60) | ||||
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| House | Ningthouja dynasty | ||||
| Father | Pitambar Charairongba | ||||
| Mother | Nungthilchaibi | ||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||
| Kingdom of Manipur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Part of History of Manipur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kings of Manipur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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During most of his reign he was engaged in warfare against the weakened Burmese Toungoo Dynasty.[6]
Early life
Pamheiba (Meitei: ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ, romanized: Paamheiba, Sanskrit: गोपाल सिंह, romanized: Gopal Singh, Persian: غریب نواز, romanized: Ghareeb Nawaaj) was born on 23 December 1690 in Manipur to Pitambar Charairongba and was crowned Meidingu ("king") on 28 August 1709 (the 23rd of Thawan, 1631 Saka Era).[7] After converting to Hinduism Pamheiba took the Persianate name "Gharib Nawaz" (also spelt "Garibniwaz").
Military conquests
His reign lasted 39 years. During that time, the realm of Manipur extended from the Irrawaddy River in the east to Cachar and Tripura in the west. At some points during his reign, his realm extended into the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Burma
Shortly after taking power from his father Charairongba he invaded Burma after the Burmese King insulted his sister. The Burmese King asked for the hand of another of Charairongba's daughters in marriage in 1724. Instead of a princess, the King of Burma was met by cavalry, led by Pamheiba that massacred the Burmese army, and brought many prisoners of war to Imphal.[8] The Burmese sent an expedition in revenge, but it was ambushed in the swamps near Heirok, southwest of Thoubal, and losing heavily retreated in haste. In 1735, Pamheiba invaded Myedu in Shwebo district and carried off loot, cattle and a thousand people. In 1737, Pamheiba again invaded Burma, killed two-thirds of a royal levy, including commander, who came to oppose the invading Manipuris, and swept down to Tabayin in Shwebo district, burning everything they met.[9] Again in 1738, Manipuris went and camped in Thalunbyu west of Sagaing, burnt every house and monastery up to the walls of Ava, stormed the stockade built to protect the Kaunghmudaw Pagoda, slaughtering the Burmese troops like cattle in a pen and killing the commandant, a minister of the Hluttaw Council; the old door-leaves of the pagoda's eastern gateway show a gash made by the sword of Maharaj Pamheiba when he was forcing an entrance.[10]
Tripura
In 1734, Pamheiba invaded Tripura and captured 1100 prisoners, who were absorbed into the Meitei community.[11]
Shan
On account of rise of Burmese Kingdom, the Shan Kingdom of Pong was in danger. In march 1739, the Shans requested Manipur to help them. The envoys from Pong returned to their country after about 19 days. Pamheiba started for Burma to invade Sagaing. After the Battle of Sagaing, Pamheiba made the elder brother of the king of Pong king.
Mon
The king of Ava according to Ningthourol lambuba is called by the name Mangdra who sent a emissary in the court of King Pamheiba with very soft and flattering words requesting him for a matrimonial alliance, in which Mangdra requested to give Princess Satyamala in marriage to him. Further the king of Ava invited king Pamheiba to visit his country. Pamheiba accepted the request and sent back the emissary. Pamheiba then thought out, if the request was sincere, he would give his daughter Satyamala in marriage and on the other hand if it was a pretension, he would teach him a lesson. When he reached the bank of Irawaddy river, he collected information and found the request was a sincere one as the king of Ava was between two fires, one the Meiteis and other the Mons. He wanted to make Manipur his friend and ally to strengthen his force in crushing the Mons. On king of Ava's request, king Pamheiba crossed Irawaddy river and assaulted the Mons where he captured two prominent chiefs of Mons, destroyed the revolting Mons of Koi, he also presented several chopped heads of Mon rebels to his son-in-law king Mangdra.
Death
Ghaib Niwaz and his eldest son Sham Shah went to Burma to settle some political affairs there, his second son, Ajit Shah suspecting that his father intended to place Sham Shah to the throne of Manipur, secretly organized the murder of both of them on their way back to Manipur.[12]
Religious policy
During the early 18th century, Hindu priests from Sylhet arrived in Manipur to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism. They were led by Shantidas Adhikari and his associate Guru Gopal Das who succeeded in converting the King from the old Meitei religion to Vaishnavism in 1710. Later during his reign, Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion, and converted nearly all the Meitei people to Hinduism.[13]
Family
Pamheiba had eight wives, and a large number of sons and daughters. His eldest son, Samjai Khurai-Lakpa, was assassinated by his younger son Chitsai, who came to power after Pamheiba's grandson Gaurisiam. The reign was then followed by Ching-Thang Khomba.[11]
References
- Anthropological Linguistics. Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. 2005. p. 207.
Garibniwaz Meithei name : Pamheiba Hindu name : Gopal Singh Reign name : Mayamba ( ' the elder brother ' )
- Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 44. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
- Roy, Jyotirmoy (1973). History of Manipur. University of Michigan. Eastlight Book House. p. 35.
there can be little doubt that the word Gharib Niwaz used by Pamheiba belongs to the Persian vocabulary.
- Irene, Salam (2010). The Muslims of Manipur. p. 37. ISBN 978-81-7835-828-4.
... the word "Gharib Niwaz" used by Pamheiba belongs to the Persian vocabulary. J. Roy writes that in Persian "Gharib Niwaz" means 'Kind to the poor'.
- —Subba, Tanka Bahadur; Som, Sujit (2005). Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India. Oxford University Press. Orient Blackswan. p. 233. ISBN 978-81-250-2812-3.
The Meitei king Pamheiba had a special department for the hill people. ...
—Kamei, Samson (2022). The Resilience of Indigenous Religion: A Struggle for Survival of Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak in Manipur. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-000-82888-7.
—Singh, A. Prafullokumar (2009). Elections and political dynamics. Mittal Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-8324-279-0.Meitei king Pamheiba (also known as Garib Niwaz) maintained the most cordial hill plain relations.
- Thangal General, Charai Thangal And Pamheiba Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Manipur Online – 13 May 2003
- Sana, Raj Kumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (from 1666 CE to 1850 CE). Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 59. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
- Garib Niwaz: Wars and Religious Policy in 18th Century Manipur KanglaOnline
- Harvey 1925: 208
- Harvey 1925: 208-9
- History of Manipur Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine – IIT Guwahati
- (Barpujari 1992:386)
- Sheram, AK (2012). "Manipuri, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Bibliography
- Barpujari, HK (1992). Barpujari, H K (ed.). The Comprehensive History of Assam. Vol. 2. Guwahati: Publication Board Assam.
- Banerjee, A. C. (1946) [1943], The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784–1826 (Second ed.), Calcutta: A. Mukherjee – via archive.org
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd – via archive.org.
- Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) [1963]. "Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation". In Rowena Robinson (ed.). Sociology of Religion in India. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. ISBN 0-7619-9781-4.