List of governors of Georgia

The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current officeholder is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.

Not to be confused with the state commissioners (informally referred to as "Governor"), the chief executives of the Regions of Georgia (country).

There have officially been 83 governors of the State of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term (John Houstoun, George Walton, Edward Telfair, George Mathews, Jared Irwin, David Brydie Mitchell, George Rockingham Gilmer, M. Hoke Smith, Joseph Mackey Brown, John M. Slaton and Eugene Talmadge, with Herman Talmadge serving two de facto distinct terms).

The longest-serving governors are George Busbee, Joe Frank Harris, Zell Miller, Sonny Perdue and Nathan Deal, each of whom served two full four-year terms; Joseph E. Brown, governor during the Civil War, was elected four times, serving seven and a half years. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of Matthew Talbot, who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office. Eugene Talmadge died in December 1946 before taking office in his second distinct term, leading to a dispute in which three people claimed the office.

Governors
For the period before independence, see List of colonial governors of Georgia.

Georgia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 2, 1788.[1] Before it declared its independence, Georgia was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

The Rules and Regulations of the Colony, drafted in 1776, provided for a president to serve a term of 6 months.[2] A formal constitution was drafted in 1777, providing for a governor to serve a term of one year, but no more than one year out of every three.[3] The term was lengthened to two years in 1789, but with no term limit.[4] The 1865 constitution required governors to take four years off after serving two terms,[5] but that was quickly changed in the 1868 constitution, which allowed for four-year terms with no limits.[6] The term length was returned to the two-year term and limit of the 1865 constitution in 1877.[7]

The 1945 constitution changed the length of terms to four years, with governors required to take four years off before running again, and it created the office of lieutenant governor, who would exercise the powers of the governor should the office become vacant.[8] This was changed in 1983 so that the lieutenant governor fully becomes governor in that circumstance.[9] Before the creation of the office of lieutenant governor, the president of the senate (or, before 1789, the president of the executive council[10]) would exercise the powers of governor.[11] The 1983 constitution also allows governors to succeed themselves once, before having to wait four years to run again.[9]

Governors of the State of Georgia
No.[lower-alpha 1] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
7   Archibald Bulloch
(1730–1777)
[13][14][15]		 January 22, 1776
–
February 22, 1777
(died in office)		 None —[lower-alpha 4] Office did not exist
8 Button Gwinnett
(1735–1777)
[16][17][15]		 March 4, 1777
–
May 8, 1777
(left office)[lower-alpha 5]		 None —[lower-alpha 6]
9 John A. Treutlen
(1734–1782)
[18][19][15]		 May 8, 1777
–
January 10, 1778
(left office)[lower-alpha 5]		 None —
10 John Houstoun
(1744–1796)
[20][21][15]		 January 10, 1778
–
December 29, 1778
(fled from capture)[lower-alpha 7]		 None —
— Competing governments December 29, 1778
–
August 6, 1779		 — Government in
chaos after fall
of Savannah[lower-alpha 8]
11 John Wereat
(d. 1799)
[24][25][15]		 August 6, 1779
–
November 1779
(left office)[lower-alpha 5]		 None —
12 George Walton
(d. 1804)
[26][27][28][15]		 November 1779
–
January 4, 1780
(left office)[lower-alpha 5]		 None —
13 Richard Howly
(1740–1784)
[29][15]		 January 4, 1780
–
February 5, 1780
(left office)[lower-alpha 9]		 None —
— George Wells
(d. 1780)		 February 5, 1780
–
February 16, 1780
(died in office)[lower-alpha 10]		 None —
14 Stephen Heard[lower-alpha 11]
(1740–1815)
[32][31][15]		 February 18, 1780[lower-alpha 12]
–
August 18, 1781
(left office)[lower-alpha 5]		 None —
15 Nathan Brownson
(1742–1796)
[34][35][15]		 August 18, 1781
–
January 3, 1782
(term-limited)		 None 1781
16 John Martin
(d. 1786)
[36][37][15]		 January 3, 1782
–
January 8, 1783
(term-limited)		 None 1782
17 Lyman Hall
(1724–1790)
[38][39][15]		 January 8, 1783
–
January 9, 1784
(term-limited)		 None 1783
10 John Houstoun
(1744–1796)
[20][21][15]		 January 9, 1784
–
January 6, 1785
(term-limited)		 None 1784
18 Samuel Elbert
(1740–1788)
[40][41][15]		 January 6, 1785
–
January 9, 1786
(term-limited)		 None 1785
19 Edward Telfair
(1735–1807)
[42][43][44][15]		 January 9, 1786
–
January 9, 1787
(term-limited)		 None 1786
20 George Mathews
(1739–1812)
[45][46][47][15]		 January 9, 1787
–
January 26, 1788
(term-limited)		 None 1787
21 George Handley
(1752–1793)
[48][49][15]		 January 26, 1788
–
January 7, 1789
(term-limited)		 None 1788[lower-alpha 13]
12 George Walton
(d. 1804)
[26][27][28][15]		 January 7, 1789
–
November 9, 1789
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Jan. 1789
19 Edward Telfair
(1735–1807)
[42][43][44][15]		 November 9, 1789
–
November 7, 1793
(lost election)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Nov. 1789[lower-alpha 14]
1791
20 George Mathews
(1739–1812)
[45][46][47][15]		 November 7, 1793
–
January 15, 1796
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1793
22 Jared Irwin
(1750–1818)
[52][53][54][15]		 January 15, 1796
–
January 12, 1798
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1795
23 James Jackson
(1757–1806)
[55][50][56][15]		 January 12, 1798
–
March 3, 1801
(resigned)[lower-alpha 15]		 Democratic-
Republican		 1797
1799
24 David Emanuel
(1744–1808)
[57][58][59][15]		 March 3, 1801
–
November 7, 1801
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
25 Josiah Tattnall
(d. 1803)
[60][61][62][15]		 November 7, 1801
–
November 4, 1802
(resigned)[lower-alpha 16]		 Democratic-
Republican		 1801
26 John Milledge
(1757–1818)
[63][64][65][15]		 November 4, 1802
–
September 23, 1806
(resigned)[lower-alpha 17]		 Democratic-
Republican		 1802
(special)[lower-alpha 18]
1803
1805
22 Jared Irwin
(1750–1818)
[52][53][54][15]		 September 23, 1806
–
November 10, 1809
(lost election)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1807
27 David Brydie Mitchell
(1766–1837)
[67][68][69][15]		 November 10, 1809
–
November 5, 1813
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1809
1811
28 Peter Early
(1773–1817)
[70][71][72][15]		 November 5, 1813
–
November 10, 1815
(lost election)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1813
27 David Brydie Mitchell
(1766–1837)
[67][68][69][15]		 November 10, 1815
–
March 4, 1817
(resigned)[lower-alpha 19]		 Democratic-
Republican		 1815
29 William Rabun
(1771–1819)
[73][74][75][15]		 March 4, 1817
–
October 24, 1819
(died in office)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1817
30 Matthew Talbot
(1767–1827)
[76][15]		 October 24, 1819
–
November 5, 1819
(successor took office)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
31 John Clark
(1766–1832)
[77][78][79][15]		 November 5, 1819
–
November 7, 1823
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1819
1821
32 George Troup
(1780–1856)
[80][81][82][15]		 November 7, 1823
–
November 7, 1827
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1823
1825
33 John Forsyth
(1780–1841)
[83][84][85][15]		 November 7, 1827
–
November 4, 1829
(did not run)[lower-alpha 20]		 Democratic-
Republican		 1827
34 George Rockingham Gilmer
(1790–1859)
[86][87][88][15]		 November 4, 1829
–
November 9, 1831
(lost election)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1829
35 Wilson Lumpkin
(1783–1870)
[89][90][91][15]		 November 9, 1831
–
November 4, 1835
(did not run)		 Union (Democratic) 1831
1833
36 William Schley
(1786–1858)
[92][93][94][15]		 November 4, 1835
–
November 8, 1837
(lost election)		 Union (Democratic) 1835
34 George Rockingham Gilmer
(1790–1859)
[86][87][88][15]		 November 8, 1837
–
November 6, 1839
(did not run)		 State Rights (Whig) 1837
37 Charles James McDonald
(1793–1860)
[95][96][97][15]		 November 6, 1839
–
November 8, 1843
(did not run)		 Union (Democratic) 1839
1841
38 George W. Crawford
(1798–1872)
[98][99][100][15]		 November 8, 1843
–
November 3, 1847
(did not run)		 Whig 1843
1845
39 George W. Towns
(1801–1854)
[101][102][103][15]		 November 3, 1847
–
November 5, 1851
(did not run)		 Democratic 1847
1849
40 Howell Cobb
(1815–1868)
[104][105][106][15]		 November 5, 1851
–
November 9, 1853
(did not run)		 Union (Democratic)[lower-alpha 21] 1851
41 Herschel Vespasian Johnson
(1812–1880)
[107][108][109][15]		 November 9, 1853
–
November 6, 1857
(did not run)		 Democratic 1853
1855
42 Joseph E. Brown
(1821–1894)
[110][111][112][15]		 November 6, 1857
–
June 17, 1865
(resigned)[lower-alpha 22]		 Democratic 1857
1859
1861
1863
43 James Johnson
(1811–1891)
[114][115][116][15]		 June 17, 1865
–
December 19, 1865
(provisional term ended)[lower-alpha 23]		 — Provisional
governor
appointed by
President[lower-alpha 24]
44 Charles J. Jenkins
(1805–1883)
[117][118][119][15]		 December 14, 1865
–
January 13, 1868
(removed from office)[lower-alpha 25]		 Democratic 1865
45 Thomas H. Ruger
(1833–1907)
[120][121][122][15]		 January 13, 1868
–
July 4, 1868
(state readmitted)		 — Military
occupation[lower-alpha 26]
46 Rufus Bullock
(1834–1907)
[123][124][125][15]		 July 4, 1868[lower-alpha 27]
–
October 30, 1871
(resigned)[lower-alpha 28]		 Republican 1868[lower-alpha 29]
47 Benjamin F. Conley
(1815–1886)
[129][130][15]		 October 30, 1871
–
January 12, 1872
(did not run)		 Republican President of
the Senate
acting
48 James Milton Smith
(1823–1890)
[131][132][133][15]		 January 12, 1872
–
January 12, 1877
(did not run)		 Democratic 1871
(special)[lower-alpha 30]
1872
49 Alfred H. Colquitt
(1824–1894)
[134][135][136][15]		 January 12, 1877
–
November 4, 1882
(did not run)[lower-alpha 31]		 Democratic 1876
1880[lower-alpha 32]
50 Alexander H. Stephens
(1812–1883)
[138][139][140][15]		 November 4, 1882
–
March 4, 1883
(died in office)		 Democratic 1882
51 James S. Boynton
(1833–1902)
[141][142][15]		 March 4, 1883
–
May 10, 1883
(did not run)		 Democratic President of
the Senate
acting
52 Henry Dickerson McDaniel
(1836–1926)
[143][144][145][15]		 May 10, 1883
–
November 9, 1886
(did not run)[lower-alpha 33]		 Democratic 1883
(special)[lower-alpha 34]
1884
53 John B. Gordon
(1832–1904)
[146][147][148][15]		 November 9, 1886
–
November 8, 1890
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1886
1888
54 William J. Northen
(1835–1913)
[149][150][151][15]		 November 8, 1890
–
October 27, 1894
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1890
1892
55 William Yates Atkinson
(1854–1899)
[152][153][154][15]		 October 27, 1894
–
October 29, 1898
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1894
1896
56 Allen D. Candler
(1834–1910)
[155][156][157][15]		 October 29, 1898
–
October 25, 1902
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1898
1900
57 Joseph M. Terrell
(1861–1912)
[158][159][160][15]		 October 25, 1902
–
June 29, 1907
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1902
1904[lower-alpha 35]
58 M. Hoke Smith
(1855–1931)
[161][162][163][15]		 June 29, 1907
–
June 26, 1909
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 36]		 Democratic 1906
59 Joseph Mackey Brown
(1851–1932)
[164][165][166][15]		 June 26, 1909
–
July 1, 1911
(lost election)[lower-alpha 37]		 Democratic 1908
58 M. Hoke Smith
(1855–1931)
[161][162][163][15]		 July 1, 1911
–
November 15, 1911
(resigned)[lower-alpha 38]		 Democratic 1910
60 John M. Slaton
(1866–1955)
[167][168][169][15]		 November 15, 1911[170]
–
January 25, 1912
(did not run)		 Democratic President of
the Senate
acting
59 Joseph Mackey Brown
(1851–1932)		 January 25, 1912
–
June 28, 1913
(did not run)		 Democratic 1912
(special)[lower-alpha 39]
60 John M. Slaton
(1866–1955)
[167][168][169][15]		 June 28, 1913
–
June 26, 1915
(did not run)[lower-alpha 40]		 Democratic 1912
61 Nathaniel Edwin Harris
(1846–1929)
[171][172][173][15]		 June 26, 1915
–
June 30, 1917
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 41]		 Democratic 1914
62 Hugh Dorsey
(1871–1948)
[174][175][176][15]		 June 30, 1917
–
June 25, 1921
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1916
1918
63 Thomas W. Hardwick
(1872–1944)
[177][178][179][15]		 June 25, 1921
–
June 30, 1923
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 42]		 Democratic 1920
64 Clifford Walker
(1877–1954)
[180][181][182][15]		 June 30, 1923
–
June 25, 1927
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1922
1924
65 Lamartine Griffin Hardman
(1856–1937)
[183][184][185][15]		 June 25, 1927
–
June 27, 1931
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1926
1928
66 Richard Russell Jr.
(1897–1971)
[186][187][188][15]		 June 27, 1931
–
January 10, 1933
(did not run)[lower-alpha 43]		 Democratic 1930[lower-alpha 44]
67 Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[189][190][191][15]		 January 10, 1933
–
January 12, 1937
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1932
1934
68 Eurith D. Rivers
(1895–1967)
[192][193][194][15]		 January 12, 1937
–
January 14, 1941
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1936
1938
67 Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[189][190][191][15]		 January 14, 1941
–
January 12, 1943
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 45]		 Democratic 1940
69 Ellis Arnall
(1907–1992)
[195][196][197][15]		 January 12, 1943
–
January 14, 1947
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1942[lower-alpha 46]
— Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[189][190][191][15]		 Died before
taking office		 Democratic 1946[lower-alpha 47]   Melvin E. Thompson
— Herman Talmadge
(1913–2002)
[199][200][201][15]		 January 14, 1947
–
March 18, 1947
(removed from office)[lower-alpha 47]		 Democratic
70 Melvin E. Thompson
(1903–1980)
[202][203][204][15]		 March 18, 1947
–
November 17, 1948
(lost nomination)[lower-alpha 48]		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
71 Herman Talmadge
(1913–2002)
[199][200][201][15]		 November 17, 1948
–
January 11, 1955
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1948
(special)[lower-alpha 47]		 Marvin Griffin
1950
72 Marvin Griffin
(1907–1982)
[205][206][207][15]		 January 11, 1955
–
January 13, 1959
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1954 Ernest Vandiver
73 Ernest Vandiver
(1918–2005)
[208][209][210][15]		 January 13, 1959
–
January 15, 1963
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1958 Garland T. Byrd
74 Carl Sanders
(1925–2014)
[211][212][213][15]		 January 15, 1963
–
January 11, 1967
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1962 Peter Zack Geer
75 Lester Maddox
(1915–2003)
[214][215][216][15]		 January 11, 1967
–
January 12, 1971
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1966 George T. Smith
76 Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[217][218][219][15]		 January 12, 1971
–
January 14, 1975
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1970 Lester Maddox
77 George Busbee
(1927–2004)
[220][221][222][15]		 January 14, 1975
–
January 11, 1983
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1974 Zell Miller
1978
78 Joe Frank Harris
(b. 1936)
[223][224][15]		 January 11, 1983
–
January 14, 1991
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1982
1986
79 Zell Miller
(1932–2018)
[225][226]		 January 14, 1991
–
January 11, 1999
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1990 Pierre Howard
1994
80 Roy Barnes
(b. 1948)
[227][228]		 January 11, 1999
–
January 13, 2003
(lost election)		 Democratic 1998 Mark Taylor[lower-alpha 49]
81 Sonny Perdue
(b. 1946)
[229][230]		 January 13, 2003
–
January 10, 2011
(term-limited)		 Republican 2002
2006 Casey Cagle
82 Nathan Deal
(b. 1942)
[231][232]		 January 10, 2011
–
January 14, 2019
(term-limited)		 Republican 2010
2014
83 Brian Kemp
(b. 1963)
[233]		 January 14, 2019
–
Incumbent[lower-alpha 50]		 Republican 2018 Geoff Duncan
2022 Burt Jones

See also

Notes
  1. The state says Brian Kemp is the 83rd governor; this number is derived from the Official and Statistical Register of Georgia, last published by the Office of Secretary of State in 1978. It continues the numbering from the colonial governors and omits repeat governors, thus marking Archibald Bulloch as 7th and George Busbee as 77th.[12]
  2. The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1945, first being filled in 1947.
  3. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, so the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine.
  5. No sources specify if the governor stood for election to the following term.
  6. As speaker of the provincial Congress, Gwinnett was elected by the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch.[16]
  7. The date given is the capture of Savannah, where the New Georgia Encyclopedia says his last official act as governor was to flee.[21]
  8. The capture of Savannah threw the government into disarray and exile, and records are scarce as to dates and leadership. William Glascock (elected January 21, 1779)[22] and Seth John Cuthbert (elected July 24, 1779), while often included in lists of governors, are omitted from the official state register. A school pamphlet from 1977 notes, "This confusing situation resulted in a number of radical Whigs, mainly from Wilkes County, organizing a second government with George Walton as governor and Glascock as speaker of the assembly. ... As a result of this makeshift election, there were two Whig governments plus the restored loyalist government."[23]
  9. Howly had also been elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, and the Council voted on February 5 that he must take that seat.[30]
  10. George Wells succeeded Howly, but was killed in a duel on February 16, 1780; he is omitted from nearly every list of governors, including the official register.[30]
  11. Some sources say Myrick Davies served as governor in August 1780,[31] but he is omitted from the official state register and it is unknown if this was in an acting fashion.
  12. The official register says Heard took office on February 18, 1870;[15] an article from 1967 says Humphrey Wells was elected governor on February 16, but declined two days later.[33] Other sources, including the New Georgia Encyclopedia, say Heard did not take office until May 24.[31][32]
  13. James Jackson was elected in 1788, but declined the position, citing inexperience.[50]
  14. First term under the 1789 constitution, which lengthened terms to two years.[51]
  15. Jackson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[50]
  16. Tattnall resigned due to declining health.[61]
  17. Milledge resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[64]
  18. Special election for the remainder of Josiah Tattnall's term[66]
  19. Mitchell resigned to be agent to the Creek Indians.[68]
  20. Forsyth instead successfully ran for United States Senate.[84]
  21. Sobel describes Cobb's party as "Constitutional Union,"[104] but the Constitutional Union Party would not be formed until 1860. The state register describes him as "Union Democrat."[15]
  22. Brown resigned following the defeat of the Confederate States of America.[111] One source states Brown left office on June 25, which could make sense as it would take several days for news of Johnson's appointment to reach Georgia. However, this source has not been corroborated.[113]
  23. Johnson left office on December 19, five days after his successor was sworn in.[114][115][116]
  24. Johnson was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.[115]
  25. Jenkins was removed from office by the military because he refused to allow state funds to be used for a racially integrated state constitutional convention; the state was still under military occupation during Reconstruction.[119]
  26. Provisional governor appointed by General George Meade[122]
  27. Bullock was appointed governor on July 4 by General George Meade to replace Ruger, who was being removed;[126] however, Bullock had already won the election, and would be formally inaugurated into the post on July 21.[123][124]
  28. Bullock resigned and fled the state to avoid impeachment; he was arrested in 1876 and found not guilty of embezzlement.[124] Some sources state Bullock resigned on October 23, but that is when he secretly submitted his resignation; it did not take effect until October 30.[127]
  29. First term under the 1868 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.[128]
  30. Special election for the remainder of Rufus Bullock's term[132]
  31. Colquitt instead successfully ran for United States Senate.[135]
  32. First term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to two years.[137]
  33. McDaniel's first term was shortened, so it is not known if he can be considered term-limited.
  34. Special election for the remainder of Alexander Stephens' term[144]
  35. The start of a gubernatorial term has always been set by the legislature, rather than the constitution; it appears the start of this term changed from the last Saturday in October to the last Saturday in June, lengthening it by eight months.
  36. Smith lost the Democratic nomination to Joseph Mackey Brown.[161]
  37. Brown lost the Democratic nomination to M. Hoke Smith, and ran as an independent.[166]
  38. Smith resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[162]
  39. Special election for the remainder of Hoke Smith's term[165]
  40. Slaton instead unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination to United States Senate.[167][168]
  41. Harris lost the Democratic nomination to Hugh Dorsey.[171]
  42. Hardwick lost the Democratic nomination to Clifford Walker.[177]
  43. Russell instead successfully ran for United States Senate.[187]
  44. The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months.[187]
  45. Talmadge lost the Democratic nomination to Ellis Arnall.[189]
  46. First term under a 1941 amendment to the constitution which lengthened terms to four years.[15]
  47. Eugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. The state legislature chose Eugene Talmadge's son, Herman Talmadge, to be governor, but during what came to be called the three governors controversy, the state supreme court declared this unconstitutional and declared Thompson rightful governor, and Talmadge stepped down after 67 days. Talmadge later defeated Thompson in a special election.[198]
  48. Thompson lost the Democratic nomination to Herman Talmadge.[204]
  49. Represented the Democratic Party
  50. Kemp's second term began on January 9, 2023, and will expire January 11, 2027; he will be term-limited

References

General
  • "Former Georgia Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • "The New Georgia Encyclopedia". Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  • A History of Georgia, second ed. Kenneth Coleman, general editor. University of Georgia Press: 1991.
  • Candler, Allen Daniel (1908). The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia Volume 1. ISBN 9780404073008. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

Constitutions

Specific
  1. "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia; January 2, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on December 20, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  2. 1776 Const. art. I
  3. 1777 Const. art. XXIII
  4. 1789 Const. art. II, § 1
  5. 1865 Const. art III, § 1
  6. 1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
  7. 1877 Const. art V, § 1
  8. 1945 Const. art. V, § 1
  9. GA Const. art. V, § 1
  10. 1777 Const. art. XXIX
  11. 1789 Const. art. II, § 4
  12. "Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1977-78". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1978. pp. 1145–1149. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  13. "Archibald Bulloch". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  14. Schmidt, Jim (January 23, 2019). "Archibald Bulloch". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  15. "Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1989-90". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1990. pp. 199–207. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  16. "Button Gwinnett". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  17. Deaton, Stan (August 1, 2019). "Button Gwinnett". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  18. "John Adam Treutlen". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  19. Schmidt, Jim (February 21, 2018). "John Adam Treutlen". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  20. "John Houstoun". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  21. Schmidt, Jim (December 10, 2019). "John Houstoun". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  22. Autobiography of a Colony: The First Half-Century of Augusta, Georgia. University of Georgia Press. 2009. p. 127. ISBN 9780820334424. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  23. "Political Changes in Georgia 1775-1787" (PDF). Georgia Department of Education. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  24. "John Wereat". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  25. Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014). "John Wereat". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  26. Sobel pp. 279–280
  27. "George Walton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  28. Deaton, Stan (February 21, 2018). "George Walton". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  29. "Richard Howly". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  30. Cashin, Edward J. (1974). "'The Famous Colonel Wells': Factionalism in Revolutionary Georgia". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 58 (Supplement): 151. JSTOR 40579633.
  31. Ouzts, Clay (October 28, 2016). "Stephen Heard". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  32. "Stephen Heard". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  33. "In Sixty Days, Four Governors!". Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  34. "Nathan Brownson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  35. Schmidt, Jim (September 16, 2014). "Nathan Brownson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  36. "John Martin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  37. Schmidt, Jim (September 15, 2014). "John Martin". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  38. "Lyman Hall". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  39. Deaton, Stan (February 21, 2018). "Lyman Hall". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  40. "Samuel Elbert". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  41. Diamond, Beryl I. (September 17, 2014). "Samuel Elbert". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  42. Sobel p. 280
  43. "Edward Telfair". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  44. Johnson, Charles J. (May 16, 2015). "Edward Telfair". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  45. Sobel p. 281
  46. "George Mathews". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  47. Ebel, Carol (September 11, 2014). "George Mathews". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  48. "George Handley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  49. Hulett, Keith (September 9, 2014). "George Handley". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  50. "James Jackson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  51. 1789 Const. art. 2, § 1
  52. Sobel pp. 281–282
  53. "Jared Irwin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  54. Rohrer, Katherine E. (September 15, 2014). "Jared Irwin". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  55. Sobel pp. 282–283
  56. Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014). "James Jackson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  57. Sobel p. 283
  58. "David Emanuel". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  59. Brown, Russell K. (September 2, 2016). "David Emanuel". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  60. Sobel pp. 283–284
  61. "Josiah Tattnall". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  62. Brown, Russell K. (September 15, 2014). "Josiah Tattnall". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  63. Sobel pp. 284–285
  64. "John Milledge". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  65. Myers, Barton (September 15, 2014). "John Milledge". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  66. "Georgia 1802 Governor, Special". Tufts University. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  67. Sobel p. 285
  68. "David Brydie Mitchell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  69. Rohrer, Katherine E. (February 16, 2018). "David B. Mitchell". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  70. Sobel p. 286
  71. "Peter Early". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  72. Hulett, Keith (May 14, 2013). "Peter Early". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  73. Sobel pp. 286–287
  74. "William Rabun". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  75. Luckett, Robert E. (May 14, 2013). "William Rabun". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  76. "Matthew Talbot". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  77. Sobel p. 287
  78. "John Clark". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  79. Floyd, Christopher J. (September 15, 2014). "John Clark". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  80. Sobel p. 288
  81. "George Michael Troup". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  82. Saba, Natalie D. (September 11, 2014). "George Troup". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  83. Sobel pp. 288–289
  84. "John Forsyth". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  85. Luckett, Robert E. (September 15, 2014). "John Forsyth". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  86. Sobel pp. 289–290
  87. "George Rockingham Gilmer". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  88. Rohrer, Katherine E. (May 13, 2013). "George R. Gilmer". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  89. Sobel pp. 290–291
  90. "Wilson Lumpkin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  91. Tate, Benjamin B. (September 25, 2014). "Wilson Lumpkin". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  92. Sobel pp. 291–292
  93. "William Schley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  94. Brown, Russell K. (August 6, 2013). "William Schley". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  95. Sobel pp. 292–293
  96. "Charles James McDonald". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  97. Luckett, Robert E. (September 5, 2014). "Charles McDonald". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  98. Sobel pp. 293–294
  99. "George Walker Crawford". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  100. Summerlin, Donnie (December 9, 2013). "George W. Crawford". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  101. Sobel pp. 294–295
  102. "George Washington Towns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  103. Hulett, Keith (August 20, 2013). "George W. Towns". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  104. Sobel pp. 295–296
  105. "Howell Cobb". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  106. Reid, R. L. (September 20, 2018). "Howell Cobb". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  107. Sobel pp. 296–297
  108. "Herschel Vespasian Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  109. Morgan, Chad (June 8, 2017). "Herschel Johnson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  110. Sobel pp. 297–298
  111. "Joseph Emerson Brown". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  112. Boney, F. N. (September 30, 2020). "Joseph E. Brown". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  113. Otto, John Henry (2004). Memoirs of a Dutch Mudsill. Kent State University Press. p. 407. ISBN 9780873387996.
  114. Sobel pp. 298–299
  115. "James Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  116. Davis, Matthew (November 12, 2019). "James Johnson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  117. Sobel p. 299–300
  118. "Charles Jones Jenkins". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  119. Brown, Russell K. (July 15, 2020). "Charles Jones Jenkins". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  120. Sobel p. 300
  121. "Thomas Howard Ruger". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  122. Davis, Matthew (June 8, 2017). "Thomas Ruger". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  123. Sobel p. 301
  124. "Rufus Brown Bullock". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  125. Duncan, Russell (June 8, 2017). "Rufus Bullock". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  126. "Ruger replaced with Bullock". The Portland Daily Press. 1868-07-04. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  127. "Gov. Bullock Resigns". Leavenworth Daily Commercial. 1871-10-31. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  128. 1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
  129. Sobel p. 302
  130. "Benjamin F. Conley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  131. Sobel pp. 302–303
  132. "James Milton Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  133. Hulett, Keith (September 29, 2020). "James M. Smith". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  134. Sobel pp. 303–304
  135. "Alfred Holt Colquitt". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  136. Myers, Barton (April 14, 2016). "Alfred H. Colquitt". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  137. 1877 Const. art. 5, § 1 par. 2
  138. Sobel pp. 304–305
  139. "Alexander Hamilton Stephens". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  140. Morgan, Chad (June 6, 2017). "Alexander Stephens". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  141. Sobel p. 305
  142. "James Boynton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  143. Sobel pp. 305–306
  144. "Henry Dickerson McDaniel". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  145. Luckett, Robert E. (July 23, 2018). "Henry McDaniel". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  146. Sobel pp. 306–307
  147. "John Brown Gordon". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  148. Groce, W. Todd (June 8, 2017). "John B. Gordon". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  149. Sobel pp. 307–308
  150. "William Jonathan Northen". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  151. Cater, Casey P. (March 11, 2020). "William J. Northen". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  152. Sobel p. 308
  153. "William Yates Atkinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  154. Hulett, Keith (September 25, 2014). "William Y. Atkinson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  155. Sobel pp. 308–309
  156. "Allen D. Candler". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  157. Luckett, Robert E. (March 20, 2021). "Allen D. Candler". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  158. Sobel pp. 309–310
  159. "Joseph Meriwether Terrell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  160. Hulett, Keith (September 8, 2016). "Joseph M. Terrell". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  161. Sobel pp. 310–311
  162. "Hoke Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  163. Maysilles, Duncan (November 10, 2021). "Hoke Smith". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  164. Sobel p. 311
  165. "Joseph Mackey Brown". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  166. Myers, Barton (March 11, 2020). "Joseph M. Brown". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  167. Sobel p. 312
  168. "John Marshall Slaton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  169. Galloway, Tammy H. (September 15, 2014). "John M. Slaton". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  170. "Hoke Smith Resigns". The Butte Daily Post. 1911-11-15. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  171. Sobel p. 313
  172. "Nathaniel Edwin Harris". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  173. Myers, Barton (May 14, 2013). "Nathaniel E. Harris". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  174. Sobel p. 314
  175. "Hugh Manson Dorsey". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  176. Stallings, Patricia (May 4, 2021). "Hugh M. Dorsey". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  177. Sobel pp. 314–315
  178. "Thomas William Hardwick". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  179. Luckett, Robert E. (August 25, 2020). "Thomas Hardwick". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  180. Sobel pp. 315–316
  181. "Clifford Mitchell Walker". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  182. Huff, Christopher Allen (September 11, 2019). "Clifford Walker". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  183. Sobel p. 316
  184. "Lamartine Griffin Hardman". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  185. Chapman, David A. (March 11, 2020). "Lamartine Hardman". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  186. Sobel pp. 316–317
  187. "Richard Brevard Russell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  188. Vogt, Sheryl B. (September 9, 2019). "Richard B. Russel Jr". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  189. Sobel pp. 317–318
  190. "Eugene Talmadge". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  191. Henderson, Harold Paulk (September 9, 2019). "Eugene Talmadge". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  192. Sobel pp. 318–319
  193. "Eurith Dickinson Rivers". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  194. Patton, Randall L. (April 5, 2021). "E. D. Rivers". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  195. Sobel pp. 319–320
  196. "Ellis Gibbs Arnall". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  197. Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 19, 2020). "Ellis Arnall". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  198. Buchanan, Scott E. (October 5, 2021). "Three Governors Controversy". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  199. Sobel pp. 320–321
  200. "Herman Eugene Talmadge". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  201. Buchanan, Scott E. (August 14, 2020). "Herman Talmadge". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  202. Sobel p. 321
  203. "Melvin Ernest Thompson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  204. Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 10, 2018). "Melvin E. Thompson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  205. Sobel p. 322
  206. "Samuel Marvin Griffin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  207. Buchanan, Scott E. (April 14, 2021). "Marvin Griffin". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  208. Sobel pp. 322–323
  209. "Samuel Ernest Vandiver". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  210. Henderson, Harold Paulk (April 5, 2021). "Ernest Vandiver Jr". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  211. Sobel pp. 323–324
  212. "Carl Edward Sanders". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  213. Cook, James F. (March 27, 2021). "Carl Sanders". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  214. Sobel pp. 324–325
  215. "Lester Garfield Maddox". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  216. Nystrom, Justin (August 11, 2020). "Lester Maddox". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  217. Sobel pp. 325–326
  218. "Jimmy Earl Carter". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  219. Fink, Gary M. (November 3, 2020). "Jimmy Carter". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  220. Sobel pp. 326–327
  221. "George Dekle Busbee". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  222. Cook, James F. (July 13, 2018). "George Busbee". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  223. "Joe Frank Harris". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  224. Buchanan, Scott E. (July 23, 2018). "Joe Frank Harris". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  225. "Zell Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  226. Grant, Chris (June 4, 2018). "Zell Miller". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  227. "Roy E. Barnes". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  228. Brooks, F. Erik (May 14, 2013). "Roy Barnes". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  229. "Sonny Perdue". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  230. Hulbert, Matthew C. (June 14, 2022). "Sonny Perdue". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  231. "Nathan Deal". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  232. McKee, Sarah E. (January 17, 2019). "Nathan Deal". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  233. "Brian Kemp". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
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