Khalistan Commando Force

The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) is a Sikh Khalistani organisation operating in the state of Punjab, India with prominent members based in Canada, United Kingdom and Pakistan.[2][3][4] Its objective is the creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan through armed struggle. KCF is also responsible for many assassinations in India, including the 1995 assassination of Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh.[5][6] It was designated as a banned Terrorist Organisation by the Government of India.[1]

Khalistan Commando Force
FounderManbir Singh Chaheru †
LeaderManbir Singh Chaheru †
(1986-1987)
Labh Singh †
(1987–1988)
Kanwaljit Singh Sultanwind †
(1988–1989)
Paramjit Singh Panjwar
(1989–2023) †
Dates of operation1986-Present
MotivesCreation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan
Designated as a terrorist group by India[1]

Objective

The creation of a Sikh independent state of Khalistan through armed struggle is their primary goal. KCF primarily targeted Indian security forces including CRPF, BSF and other police forces. It targeted Hindus who were against the Khalistan movement. The primary source of funding of KCF is looting, bank robbery and extortion. It is also involved in large scale smuggling of weapons from Pakistan to India across the International border.[7]

History

Khalistan Commando Force was founded by the Sarbat Khalsa and Panthic Comittee. It was the official army of Khalistan.[8] Manbir Singh Chaheru was made the leader in April 1986.[9][10][11]

On 8 August 1986, Punjab Police arrested Manbir Singh Chaheru ("Hari Singh"), and he was eventually killed[12][13] or disappeared[14] while in police custody. After Chaheru was arrested, former police officer Sukhdev Singh, also known as Sukha Sipahi, took command of the KCF. Sukhdev Singh changed his name to Labh Singh and assumed the title of "General".

After his death the KCF was headed by Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind[15][16] On 18 October 1989, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind,[17] and another two KCF members were arrested by police near Jalandhar. While one member managed to escape, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind, then 23 years old, swallowed a cyanide capsule to avoid giving information about the group.[17]

Decline

Operation Black Thunder against the Sikh militants in Golden Temple greatly degraded the capability of KCF to conduct operations.[7] Police killed Labh Singh on 12 July 1988.[18] His loss damaged the organisation. After his death, the Khalistan Commando Force split into factions including those led by Wassan Singh Zaffarwal, Paramjit Singh Panjwar and Gurjant Singh Rajasthani.[19]

Another result of Labh Singh's death was the failure of the Khalistan Commando Force - Babbar Khalsa alliance, as the relationship established by Labh Singh and Sukhdev Singh Babbar was lost.[20]

The group broke into multiple factions.[21]

This organization was eventually rendered of its ability to operate after all of its chiefs, local commanders, militants were killed or captured by Indian security forces by late 1990s.[22]

Activities

1980s
  1. 6 people were killed, and more injured, in a violent attack on the District court in Jalandhar, Punjab, India by KCF.[23][24][25][26][27][28]Accounts of the attack, reported on 6 April 1986 in the US, differed.[29] According to an unidentified source in Mahmood's "Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants", the attack was made by KCF leader Manbir Singh Chaheru and his associates.[30] "The Courier" of Arizona, US, carried a story attributed to UPI stating that 3 "Sikh terrorists" killed 3 police officers who were taking 3 prisoners to a bathroom, while "16 armed court guards cowered in fear". The report stated that 2 police holding a 4th prisoner were also gunned down, and that "Three other officers, a lawyer, and a bystander were wounded as the Sikhs sprayed the area for 15 minutes." Police said that the guards were too frightened to return fire. This fourth suspect remained in custody. Finally, the Courier article reported that the Sikhs looted "three rifles and a submachine gun" from the dead bodies, and that a 6th officer later succumbed to wounds from the attack.[31] The "Wilmington Morning Star" carried an AP story, and related that 3 "Sikh extremists" killed 4 police officers inside the District Court complex, killed two officers who "were shot at the courtyard gate as the attackers fled", and wounded 4 other individuals, including a lawyer. The Star identified the freed suspects as Labh Singh, Gurinder Singh, and Swaranjit Singh, who were to appear in court on charges of slaying Ramesh Chander, a Hindu newspaper editor. The Star reported that District Magistrate S.C. Aggarwal said 4 attackers fired over a compound wall from a lane. It further reported that others witnessed the attackers open fire from close range as police led the prisoners to the toilet. The report concluded with District Police Chief Baljit Singh Sandhu's statement that the attackers hard "fired at least 50 rounds" in the attack.[29] The "Eugene Register-Guardian" reported that District Magistrate S.C. Aggarwal said in a telephone interview that 3 or more attackers opened fire as 4 defendants accused of the May 1984 slaying of Ramesh Chander, were being led into the compound, and that the attackers took 3 rifles from the slain police. [28] This single incident became a basis of Roberio's "Bullet for bullet" policy.[32]
  2. The organisation battled Indian military forces, especially in revenge for Operation Blue Star, the government's 1984 military operation in the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar.
  3. In 1984, General Arun Vaidya had planned and supervised[33] Operation Blue Star – a controversial military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India,[34] On 10 August 1986, General Arun Vaidya was shot to death by Jinda and Sukha while he was driving his car home from the market.[35] According to the police, the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car.[36] Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds. His wife, who was also in the car, was wounded by four bullets in her back and thighs.[37] According to Indian intelligence sources, Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists by Sikh militants and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.[38][39] Following the assassination, the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Operation Blue Star.[38]
  4. In September of 1986 KCF members under Labh SIngh robbed a bank in Talwara. the bank manager was killed and 29,000 rupees (386,000 rupees in 2023. 4,700 USD in 2023) was stolen.[40]
  5. In September of 1986 KCF, whose leader was Labh Singh, killed Darshan Singh Canadian an MLA and party leader of the Communist Party of India.[41] Darshan Singh opposed Sikh militants and Khalistan supporting NRI Sikhs. He actively campaigned against both.[42]
  6. In September of 1986 KCF members under Labh Singh also killed Baldev Singh Mann. He was a left-wing activist of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy. He was a state level leader of Kirti Kisan Union and the editor of Hirawal Dasta[43][44] Baldev was gunned down by 4 men in his home village near Amritsar. He was walking with his brother who escaped unhurt.[45][46]
  7. On September 29 of 1986 KCF members under Labh SIngh robbed a bank in Tar tarn Sahib. The bank manager was killed.[47]
  8. On Octobor 3rd 1986 men identified in the press as Sikh militants in police uniforms attacked Director-General Punjab Police Julio Francis Ribeiro inside his headquarters in the city of Jalandhar, Punjab, India, with automatic weapons.[48] One guard was killed, and Ribeiro, his wife, and four other officers were injured. Ribeiro's wound was minor, but his wife was hospitalised.[49] [50][51][52] KCF later claimed responsibility for this attack.[53]
  9. In a phone call to news organisations Labh Singh, head of KCF, claimed responsibility for the killing of 4 members of a police patrol near Amritsar.[54]
  10. In October of 1986 Labh Singh personally led a bank robbery in Talwara at the State Bank of India. According to police 4 Sikhs robbed the bank and 2 people were killed and another 2 wounded. The robbery occurred in broad daylight. $176,000 USD was stolen. ($488,000 USD in 2023)[55][56]
  11. In October of 1986 Labh Singh and his fellow militants robbed 1,023,000 rupees (2023 20,392,784 rupees. 2023 US $250,000) from a bank in Ludhiana.[57]
  12. In October of 1986 Labh Singh and his fellow militants robbed 800,000 rupees (10,650,000 rupees in 2023. 130,000 USD in 2023) from the Millar Ganj branch of the Punjab National Bank, Ludhiana.[58]
  13. On January 11 of 1987 Jinda and a fellow militant of the Khalistan Commando Force assassinated Inspector General of Punjab Prisons Trilok Chand Katoch. Katoch was killed in 3 shoots near his home in Chandigarh. Jinda and another fled on a scooter. Katoch was the highest ranking police official to be killed up to that point.[59][60]
  14. In a phone call to news organisations Labh Singh, head of KCF, claimed responsibility for the killing of 4 members of a police patrol near Amritsar.[61]
  15. On January 11 of 1987 Harjinder Singh Jinda and another militant of the Khalistan Commando Force assassinated Inspector General of Punjab Prisons Trilok Chand Katoch. Katoch was killed in 3 shoots near his home in Chandigarh. Jinda and another fled on a scooter. Katoch was the highest ranking police official to be killed up to that point. A letter stamped by Labh Singh was left on the dead body claiming responsibility and justifying the killing.[62][63]
  16. In February 1987 many lead members of KCF participated in India’s largest bank robbery. 57 million Rupees (Equivalent to about ₹ 984.5 million in 2023 and $12 million USD in 2023) were stolen belonging to Reserve Bank of India. There were no casualties and it is considered a major form of financing for KCF.[64][65][66]
  17. On May 5, of 1987 KCF members robbed 850,000 rupees (10,400,000 rupees in 2023. 126,500 USD in 2023) from the Bank of India branch in Guru Amar Das market.[67]
  18. On March 17 1988 Jaimal Singh Padha was assassinated by KCF. He was a leader of the Kirti Kisan Union, a Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation front. Jaimal had written against religious communalism which angered Sikh militants. In one of his essays, he also spoke against Khalistan.[68]
  19. On May 19 1987 KCF under Labh Singh killed Deepak Dhawan who was the State Committee member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Dhawan was riding his scooter near Sanghe. KCF members approached him and told him to try and run. He tried to run, but they shot him as he tried. [69][70][71][72][73]
  20. On July 22 1987 KCF members under Labh Singh entered the farmhouse of Swaran Singh a official and vice president of the Amritsar district of the Communist Party of India. They went to where he slept with his family and opened fire. Swaran Singh, his wife. his mother, and his daughter were all killed in the fire. Swaran Singh's two other daughters were wounded, but his 5 year old son was unhurt. They also opened fire at the porch killing a worker, and injuring two others. A note was left claiming responsibility and saying it was over Swaran Singh's protests against the Sikh militants and Khalistan.[74][75]
  21. On March 17 1988 Jaimal Singh Padha was assassinated by KCF members under Labh Singh. He was a leader of the Kirti Kisan Union, a Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation front. Jaimal had written against religious communalism which angered Sikh militants. In one of his essays, he also spoke against Khalistan.[76]
  22. In November if 1988 KCF members assassinated Major General B.N. Kumar.[77]
  23. KCF also attacked sellers of alcohol, cigarettes, and other items prohibited by conservative Sikhism.[78]

1990s
  1. 9 BSP workers were killed by an alleged KCF member in Nurmahal.[79]
  2. KCF claimed responsibility for killing All India Sikh Student Federation General Secretary Harminder Singh Sandhu in Amristar.[80] He was a member of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's inner circle, but chose to surrender during Operation Blue Star instead of fighting.[81] Because of this he was alleged to be a government mole.[82]
  3. A June 1991 attack on a passenger train in northwestern Punjab killed about fifty, mostly Hindu, passengers.[83]
  4. In November of 1991 KCF members killed Sarwan Singh Cheema who the secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was gunned down along with security guards Santokh Singh, Ram Lubhaya, Raghubir Chand, Mohindar Singh and head constable Paramjit Singh of Punjab Police.[84]
  5. In 1992 KCF killed Akali Dal MLA Balwant Singh Sahral and three of his associates.[85]
  6. On 9 October 1992, Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha, assassins of General Arun Vaidya, were hanged until death in Pune jail.[86][87]
  7. On October 13, 1992 KCF killed Darshan Singh Kaypee in Jalandha. He was a five time MLA for the Congress party.[88][89]
  8. The KCF was listed in 1995 one of the 4 "major militant groups" in the Khalistan movement.[90]
  9. A September 1993 bombing in New Delhi targeting Indian Youth Congress president Maninderjeet Singh Bitta that killed eight people.[91]
  10. According to the Department of State the Khalistan Commando Force was involved in the assassination of the Chief Minister of Punjab, Beant Singh.[92]

2000s
  1. In June 2006 a member of the Panjwar faction of the KCF, Kulbir Singh Barapind was extradited from the US to India. He was deported to India for belonging to a terrorist organisation and for entering the United States with a false passport. He was wanted in India for thirty-two cases, but was arrested for three murders in the early 1990s.[93] After his arrest, he stated that he would renew the Khalistan movement through peaceful means.[94] Panjwar was killed by two unidentified gunmen in Lahore in May 2023.[95] The investigation began in 2003, when Khalid Awan, jailed at the time for credit card fraud, bragged of his relationship with Paramjeet Singh Panjwar, leader of the KCF.[6] Awan was given a 14-year prison sentence in 2007 on terrorism charges.[96]
  2. In 2008, Punjab Police announced they had foiled a KCF effort to kill Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, head of Dera Sacha Sauda.[97][98]

Status

Paramjeet Singh Panjwar remained the head of the remaining faction of the KCF as of 2008, and was listed at that time as one of the top 10 most wanted criminals in India.[99] As per the released statement of Khalid Awan – a Canadian citizen – who served 14-year sentence in the U.S. prisons for transferring money to KCF, Panjwar is a VIP in Pakistan and has the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency. On the other hand, the U.S prosecutors have claimed that Awan admitted of transferring money to Panjwar despite knowing the fact that the money will be used to carry out attacks against India.[100]

The University of Maryland beta version of the "Global Terrorism Database" has recorded 2 attacks on military targets, 9 attacks on police or other government targets, and 9 attacks against civilian, religious, transportation or educational entities, in both India and Pakistan, as of June 2009.[101]

The KCF remains banned in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and designated as terrorist organisation by the Government of India.[1][102]

A 2011 NPR report claimed a person associated with this group was imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit in the US.[103] Khalistan Zindabad

See also

References
  1. "List of Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  2. Martin, Gus (17 February 2006). "Khalistan+Commando+Force"+%2B+"Terrorist"&pg=PA201 "Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues". SAGE. ISBN 9781412927222. Retrieved 8 January 2019. Included among the many Sikh terrorist groups are Dal Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force, Saheed Khalsa Force, the Khalistan Liberation Front, and the Khalistan Commando Force.
  3. Martha Crenshaw (2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-271-04442-2. in the early 1992, Khalistan Commando force had 63 subgroups... for a total of 167 terrorist groups
  4. Thussu, Daya Kishan (2012). South Asia and the Frontline of the 'War on Terror'. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 167–183. doi:10.4135/9781446288429.n10. ISBN 9781446201589. Retrieved 8 January 2019. ...was led by such terrorist organizations as the Khalistan Commando Force.
  5. "Law Enforcement Cases: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs". US Department of State. March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  6. "U.S. Court Convicts Khalid Awan for Supporting Khalistan Commando Force". Embassy of the United States in New Delhi, India. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  7. C. Christine Fair; Sumit Ganguly (2008). Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-971189-5.
  8. Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence. Internet Archive. London ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-85649-355-0.
  9. Stephen E. Atkins (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-32485-7.
  10. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood (November 1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 152-153. ISBN 0-8122-1592-3.
  11. Birinder Pal Singh (2002). Violence as Political Discourse. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN 9788179860069.
  12. The Journal of Commonwealth & comparative politics by Taylor & Francis. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  13. "The Killings In Sangrur Jail". Ihro. June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
  14. Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1997). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-8122-1592-2.
  15. "800 years of Sultanwind". Punjab Heritage. 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  16. Mark Juergensmeyer (September 2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-520-24011-7.
  17. Mark Juergensmeyer (September 2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (3rd ed.). University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-520-24011-7.
  18. Crenshaw, Martha (November 2010). Terrorism in context – Page 399. ISBN 9780271044422.
  19. Juan Sanchez (2007). Terrorism & It's [sic] Effects. Global Media. p. 161. ISBN 978-81-89940-93-5.
  20. Satyapal Dang (1988). Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists. Patriot. ...(KCF) which is headed by General Labh Singh alias Sukhdev Singh alias Sukha Sipahi. Perhaps he continued to maintain his links with the Babbar Khalsa also
  21. Fair, C. Christine; Ganguly, Šumit (September 2008). Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces. Oxford University Press US. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-534204-8.
  22. Martha Crenshaw (2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-271-04442-2.
  23. "The World, section 1". Los Angeles Times. 6 April 1986. Retrieved 23 January 2016. Sikh extremists shot their way into a courthouse in the Punjab city of Jullundur, killed six policemen and freed three prisoners accused of killing a Hindu editor, authorities said.
  24. Chicago Tribune Wires; NEWS (5 April 1986). "SIKH GUNMEN SLAY 6 COPS IN PUNJAB". Chicago Tribune. p. 14. Retrieved 23 January 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. "Sikh terrorist kill policemen in Punjab". The Free-Lance Star. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  26. "Terrorists kill 6 policemen, free prisoners". Ludington Daily News. 4 April 1986. p. 8. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  27. "Sikhs kill 6, free 3 prisoners". The Spokesman-Review and Spokane Chronicle. 6 April 1986. p. A6.
  28. "Sikh extremists kill 6 policemen, free 3 prisoners". Eugene Register-Guard. 6 April 1986. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  29. "Sikhs Kill 6 on Courthouse Steps". Associated Press (Wilmington Morning Star). 6 April 1986. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  30. Mahmood 1997, p. 168?
  31. "Bloody jailbreak in Punjab leaves three officers dead". The Courier. 5 April 1986. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  32. Gupta, G. V. (7 March 1999). "Book Review:Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer:'Bullet-for-bullet is not my baby'". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  33. "IN BRIEF; Indian General Who Raided Temple Is Slain". The New York Times. 17 August 1986.
  34. "Operation Bluestar, 20 Years On". Rediff.com.
  35. Associated Press. "Shrine Leader Killed in Ambush", The Dallas Morning News, 11 August 1986.
  36. Weisman, Steven R. "A Top Indian General is Assassinated", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 11 August 1986.
  37. Sun-Times Wires. "Sikhs kill ex-army chief, massacre revenge hinted", Chicago Sun-Times, 11 August 1986.
  38. Associated Press. "General cremated; Sikhs admit to killing", c/o Houston Chronicle, 11 August 1986.
  39. "The Vaidya Murder Case: Confirming Death Sentences", India Abroad. (New York edition). New York, N.Y.: 24 July 1992. Vol.XXII, Issue. 43; pg.20.
  40. Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 25 July 1997. p. 113.
  41. "Sikh Extremists Kill Second Communist Leader". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  42. Ralhan, O. P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. pp. 1165–1171. ISBN 81-7488-865-9.
  43. "Militancy Scenario in Punjab" (PDF). Punjab Government. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  44. "Bleeding Punjab : A Report to the Nation" (PDF). Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). September 1992. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  45. "Gunned down by Khalistani terrorists, Baldev Singh Mann also fought state repression". Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  46. "Sikh Extremists Kill Second Communist Leader". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  47. Perspectives on Human Rights. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. 2000. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-86565-80-3.
  48. Belle, G.G. (3 October 1986). "Disguised Sikhs attack compound of police chief". The Free-Lance Star. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  49. "Boca Raton News – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  50. "Spokane Chronicle – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  51. "The Free Lance-Star – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  52. Tempest, Rone (4 October 1986). "Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack". Los Angeles Times.
  53. "The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  54. "Sikh separatists claim responsibility for slaying of police - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  55. "Sikh Terrorists Rob Bank, Kill Five". AP NEWS. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  56. "Sikh extremists kill three in bank robbery". UPI. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  57. India Today. Living Media India Pvt. Limited. 1988. p. 32.
  58. Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence. Internet Archive. London ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-85649-355-0.
  59. Keesing's Record of World Events. Longman. 1987. p. 35250.
  60. "India Prison Official Slain by Sikhs – Los Angeles Times". web.archive.org. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  61. "Sikh separatists claim responsibility for slaying of police - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  62. Keesing's Record of World Events. Longman. 1987. p. 35250.
  63. "India Prison Official Slain by Sikhs - Los Angeles Times". web.archive.org. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  64. "Sikhs rob India bank of $4.5 million". Chicago Sun-Times. 13 February 1987. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013 – via Highbeam.com.
  65. Limca Book of Records. Bisleri Beverages Limited. 1999.
  66. Ram Narayan Kumar (1997). The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective. Ajanta. ISBN 978-81-202-0453-9.
  67. "KCF ultra acquitted in bank robbery case - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  68. "Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S." The Georgia Straight. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  69. Institute for Defence Studies & Analysis. Institute for Defence Studies. 1987. p. 987, 994.
  70. CPI(M) in Punjab: The Martyrs of the Struggle for National Unity. Communist Party of India (Marxist). 1987. p. 20.
  71. "Ghosts of Khalistan". The Hindu. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  72. "No change in Punjab under President's rule, terrorists kill three people in Tarn Taran area". India Today. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  73. ਜੋ ਲਾਰੇ ਦੀਨ ਕੇ ਹੇਤ book in Punjabi by Loveshinder Singh Dalewal
  74. "Nine killed in Sikh terror attacks - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  75. Archives, L. A. Times (23 July 1987). "The World". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  76. "Gurpreet Singh: Khalistani separatists' killings leave a legacy of sorrow in Canada and the U.S." The Georgia Straight. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  77. "Wanted Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar shot dead in Pakistan's Lahore".
  78. Brown, Derek. Fanatical Sikhs turn on traders, The Guardian, 8 April 1987.
  79. "Former militant acquitted in MLA murder case". The Times of India. 6 December 2007. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  80. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | India: Information on the Khalistan Commando Force". Refworld. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  81. Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-953-0.
  82. Sandhu, Amandeep (5 December 2022). Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5492-859-8.
  83. Ravi Sharma, Massacre on passenger trains turns routine trip nightmare, United Press International, 16 June 1991.
  84. "Nurmahal: Tributes paid to CPM leader".
  85. "Former terrorist acquitted". The Times of India. 7 December 2007. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  86. McGirk, Tim (10 October 1992). "Protests after hanging of Sikhs". The Independent. London.
  87. "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  88. "In 26 yrs, Punjab suffered most terror attacks, blasts". The Indian Express. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  89. "Humble, but encore unlikely". Hindustan Times. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  90. Martha Crenshaw, ed. (1 January 1995). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 394 and others. ISBN 978-0-271-01015-1.
  91. Three Sikh militant factions claim Delhi blast, Agence France-Presse 13 September 1993.
  92. "Eastern District of New York". 15 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  93. Kulbir Singh sent to police custody, The Times of India, 19 June 2006.
  94. Zee News, India, "Judicial remand of Khalistan militant extended till 27 July" 14 July 2006
  95. Who was Paramjit Singh Panjwar, the wanted terrorist shot dead in Lahore, The Indian Express, 6 May 2023.
  96. Pak-Canadian jailed for aiding Khalistan ultras Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Sunday Indian, 4 April 2012
  97. "Plot to kill Sikh Dera chief foiled: Police". India Today. 9 November 2008.
  98. "Punjab police sniff out major KCF plan to kill Dera chief – Times of India". The Times of India. 9 November 2008.
  99. "8) Paramjit Singh Panjwar". rediff.com. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  100. "Canadians are coming home after being imprisoned abroad for terrorism-related crimes". Global News. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  101. "Khalistan Commando Force search at Beta UM terrorism database". University of Maryland. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  102. "Terrorism Act 2000". Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  103. DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units, page 8/15. Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3 March 2011, retrieved 4 March 2011 from npr.org
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.