Haroharo Caldera

The Haroharo Caldera was a 26 by 16 km (16.2 by 9.9 mi) postulated volcanic feature in Taupō Volcanic Zone of the North Island, New Zealand within the larger and older Ōkataina Caldera. Since 2010 further studies have tended to use the terms Haroharo vent alignment, Utu Caldera, Matahina Caldera, Rotoiti Caldera and a postulated Kawerau Caldera to the features assigned to it.[1]

Main article: Ōkataina Caldera

Geography

In the north the Haroharo Caldera extends from the eastern half of Lake Rotoiti to the western border of Lake Rotoma. Its southern extent is defined by the Tarawera volcano.

Geology
Okataina Volcanic Centre relationships to other nearby volcanic and tectonic structures
Okataina Volcanic Centre (approximate thick white border) relationships to other nearby volcanic and tectonic structures. The Haroharo Caldera is contained within and extends from its north to south

The Haroharo Caldera is within the older and larger Ōkataina Caldera. It is now not regarded as a caldera in its own right and there have been many attempts to rationalise the literature. There have been multiple significant eruptions from the Haroharo vent line that is parallel and to the north of the Mount Tarawera vent line also within the Ōkataina Caldera. There has been a large amount of dome infilling that refer to the name but the Ōkataina complex volcano appears to have emerged as a better term than the Haroharo volcano to understand the processes that have happened in this portion of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.[2] It had a VEI-5 volcanic eruption about 6060 BCE producing about 17 km3 (4.1 cu mi) of eruptive material and one about 2000 years later that produced 13 km3 (3.1 cu mi) of material.[3] Both the Okareka Embayment and the Tarawera Volcanic Complex are adjacent to the Haroharo Caldera which older maps had overlapping the Okataina caldera as part of the Ōkataina volcanic centre[4] and sometimes defined as the Haroharo volcanic complex. However its linear parallel young vent alignment to those of the similarly young in geological terms Tarawera volcano means it is now usually regarded as a subsidiary volcanic part of the Ōkataina Caldera which in the last 21,000 years has contributed a total magma eruptive volume greater than about 80 km3 (19 cu mi).[5][6]

References
  1. Hughes, Ery C.; Law, Sally; Kilgour, Geoff; Blundy, Jon D.; Mader, Heidy M. (2023). "Storage, evolution, and mixing in basaltic eruptions from around the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, Aotearoa New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 434 (107715). doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107715. ISSN 0377-0273.
  2. Spinks, Karl D. (2005). "Rift Architecture and Caldera Volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
  3. Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (August 2004). "The Sedimentation and Drainage History of Haroharo Caldera and The Tarawera River System, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand" (PDF). Operations Publication 2004/03. Environment Bay of Plenty: 7. ISSN 1176-5550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-22.
  4. Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988). "Historical unrest at large calderas of the world". USGS Bulletin. 1855: 1108. Citing Scott, B.J. (1986). Gregory, J.G.; Watters, W.A. (eds.). "Volcanic hazards assessment in New Zealand: Monitoring at Okataina Volcanic Centre". New Zealand Geol. Surv. Rec. 10: 49–54.
  5. Smith, Victoria; Shane, Phil; Nairn, I.A.; Williams, Catherine (2006-07-01). "Geochemistry and magmatic properties of eruption episodes from Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand during the last 10 kyr". Bulletin of Volcanology. 69 (1): 57–88. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0056-7.
  6. Cole, J. W.; Spinks, K. D. (2009). "Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Special Publications. London: Geological Society. 327 (1): 9–29. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.327....9C. doi:10.1144/SP327.2. S2CID 131562598.
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