Hindustani declension

Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) [1][2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.

Nouns

All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.

Case	Masculine								Feminine
	ending in -ā		ending in -i/ī		ending in -u/ū		ending in -ø		ending in -i/ī		ending in -ā		ending in -ø
	Boy		Man		Knife		Tree		Girl		Mother		Train
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	लड़का لڑکا laɽkā	लड़के لڑکے laɽke	आदमी آدمی ādmī	आदमी آدمی ādmī	चाकू़ چاقو chaqū	चाकू़ چاقو chaqū	पेड़ پیڑ peɽ	पेड़ پیڑ peɽ	लड़की لڑکی laɽkī	लड़कियाँ لڑکیاں laɽkiyā̃	माता ماتا mātā	माताएँ ماتایں mātāẽ	ट्रेन ٹرین ʈren	ट्रेनें ٹرینیں ʈrenẽ
Oblique	लड़के لڑکے laɽke	लड़कों لڑکوں laɽkõ		आदमियों آدمیوں ādmiyõ		चाकु़ओं چاقوؤں chāquõ		पेड़ों پیڑوں peɽõ		लड़कियों لڑکیوں laɽkiyõ		माताओं ماتاؤں mātāõ		ट्रेनों ٹرینوں ʈrenõ
Vocative	लड़के لڑکے laɽke	लड़को لڑکو laɽko		आदमियो آدمیو ādmiyo		चाकु़ओ چاقوؤ chāquo		पेड़ो پیڑو peɽo		लड़कियो لڑکیو laɽkiyo		माताओ ماتاؤ mātāo		ट्रेनो ٹرینو ʈreno

Pronouns

The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

Case			Personal
			1st person		2nd person
			Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
			Singular	Plural	Intimate	Familiar	Formal
Nominative			मैं میں mɛ̃	हम ہم ham	तू تو tū	तुम تم tum	आप آپ āp
Dative			मुझे مجھے mujhe	हमें ہمیں hamẽ	तुझे تجھے tujhe	तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں tumhẽ	—
Accusative			मुझे مجھے mujhe	हमें ہمیں hamẽ	तुझे تجھے tujhe	तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں tumhẽ	—
Oblique	Regular		मुझ مجھ mujh	हम ہم ham	तुझ تجھ tujh	तुम ہم tum	आप آپ āp
	Ergative		मैं میں mãĩ	हम ہم ham	तू تو tū	तुम ہم tum	आप آپ āp
	Emphatic		मुझी مجھی mujhī	हमीं ہمیں hamī̃	तुझी تجھی tujhī	तुम्हीं تمہیں/تمھیں tumhī̃	—
	Genitive	♂	मेरे میرے mere	हमारे ہمارے hamāre	तेरे تیرے tere	तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے tumhāre	—
	Genitive	♀	मेरी میری merī	हमारी ہماری hamārī	तेरी تیری terī	तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری tumhārī	—

Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns

Case		3rd person
		Demonstrative						Relative			Interrogative
		Proximal			Non-proximal			Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal
		Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal
Nominative	Written/Read	यह یہ yah	ये یے ye		वह وہ vah	वे وے ve¹		जो جو jo			कौन, क्या کَون، کیا kaun, kyā
Nominative	Said colloquially	ये یے ye			वो وو vo			जो جو jo			कौन, क्या کَون، کیا kɔn/kon, kyā
Dative		इसे اِسے ise	इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhẽ		उसे اُسے use	उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhẽ		जिसे جسے jise	जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں jinhẽ		किसे کیسے kise	किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں kinhẽ
Accusative		इसे اِسے ise	इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhẽ		उसे اُسے use	उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhẽ		जिसे جسے jise	जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں jinhẽ		किसे کیسے kise	किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں kinhẽ
Oblique	Regular	इस اِس is	इन اِن in		उस اُس us	उन اُن un		जिस جس jis	जिन جن jin		किस کس kis	किन کن kin
	Ergative	इस اِس is	इन्हों اِنہوں/اِنھوں inhõ		उस اُس us	उन्हों اُنہوں/اُنھوں unhõ		जिस جس jis	जिन्हों جنہوں/جنھوں jinhõ		किस کس kis	किन्हों کنہوں/کنھوں kinhõ
	Emphatic	इसी اِسی isī	इन्हीं اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhī̃		उसी اُسی usī	उन्हीं اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhī̃		—	—		किसी کسی kisī	किन्हीं کنہیں/کنھیں kinhī̃

¹ Rarely used in Urdu.

Possessive Pronouns

Pronoun		Masculine						Feminine
		Nominative			Oblique/Vocative			Nominative			Oblique/Vocative
		Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal
1st Person	Singular	मेरा میرا (merā)	मेरे میرے (mere)					मेरी میری (merī)
1st Person	Plural	हमारा ہمارا (hamārā)	हमारे ہمارے (hamāre)					हमारी ہماری (hamārī)
2nd Person	Intimate	तेरा تیرا (terā)	तेरे تیرے (tere)					तेरी تیری (terī)
2nd Person	Familiar	तुम्हारा تمہارا/تمھارا (tumhārā)	तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے (tumhāre)					तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری (tumhārī)

Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.

Postpositions

The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:

Case-markers
Case	Case Marker	Example	English	Example	English
Ergative	ने نے ne	लड़के ने لڑکے نے laɽke ne	boy	उन्होंने انہوں نے unhõne	they
Accusative	को کو ko	लड़के को لڑکے کو laɽke ko	the boy	उनको ان کو unko/un ko	them
Dative	को کو ko	लड़के को لڑکے کو laɽke ko	to the boy	उनको ان کو unko/un ko	to them
Instrumental	से سے se	लड़के से لڑکے سے laɽke se	with the boy	उनसे ان سے unse/un se	with them
Ablative	से سے se	लड़के से لڑکے سے laɽke se	from the boy	उनसे ان سے unse/un se	from them
Genitive	का کا kā	लड़के का لڑکے کا laɽke kā	boy's	उनका ان کا unkā/un kā	their(s)
Inessive	में میں mẽ	लड़के में لڑکے میں laɽke mẽ	in the boy	उनमें ان میں unmẽ/un mẽ	in them
Adessive	पे/पर پے/پہ / پر pe/par	लड़के पे لڑکے پہ laɽke pe	on the boy	उनपे ان پے unpe/un pe	on them
Terminative	तक تک tak	लड़के तक لڑکے تک laɽke tak	till the boy	उनतक ان تک untak/un tak	till them
Semblative	सा سا sā	लड़के सा لڑکے سا laɽke sā	boyish	उनसा ان سا unsā/un sā	like them

Case	Genitive Postposition						Semblative Postposition
	Masculine			Feminine			Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal	Singular	Plural	Formal
Nominative	का کا kā	के کے ke		की کی kī			सा سا sā	से سے se		सी سی sī
Oblique	के کے ke						से سے se
Vocative	के کے ke						से سے se

Verbs

In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.

Participles				Example bolnā / बोलना بوتلا / to say
ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES[3][4]
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Habitual	♂	ɸ-tā	ɸ-tē	बोलता بولتا boltā	बोलते بولتے boltē
Habitual	♀	ɸ-tī	ɸ-tī̃	बोलती بولتی boltī	बोलतीं بولتیں boltī̃
Habitual Adjectival	♂	ɸ-tā huā	ɸ-tē huē	बोलता हुआ بولتا ہوا boltā huā	बोलते हुए بولتا ہوئے boltē
Habitual Adjectival	♀	ɸ-tī huī	ɸ-tī huī̃	बोलती हुई بولتی ہوی boltī huī	बोलती हुईं بولتی ہوئیں boltī huī̃
Perfective	♂	ɸ-(y)ā	ɸ-(y)ē	बोला بولا bolā	बोले بولے bolē
Perfective	♀	ɸ-(y)ī	ɸ-(y)ī̃	बोली بولی bolī	बोलीं بولیں bolī̃
Perfective Adjectival	♂	ɸ-(y)ā huā	ɸ-(y)ē huē	बोला हुआ بولا ہوا bolā huā	बोले हुए بولے ہوۓ bolē huē
Perfective Adjectival	♀	ɸ-(y)ī huī	ɸ-(y)ī huī̃	बोली हुई بولی ہوئ bolī huī	बोली हुईं بولی ہوئیں bolī huī̃

Participles				Example bolnā / बोलना بولنا / to say
NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [4][5][6][7]
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Infinitive	♂	ɸ-nā	ɸ-nē	बोलना بولنا bolnā		बोलने بولنے bolnē
Infinitive	♀	ɸ-nī	ɸ-nī̃	बोलनी بولنی bolnī		बोलनीं بولنیں bolnī̃
Prospective & Agentive	♂	ɸ-nēvālā	ɸ-nēvālē	बोलनेवाला بولنے والا bolnēvālā		बोलनेवाले بولنے والے bolnēvālē
Prospective & Agentive	♀	ɸ-nēvālī	ɸ-nēvālī̃	बोलनेवाली بولنے والی bolnēvālī		बोलनेवालीं بولنے والیں bolnēvālī̃
Oblique Infinitive		ɸ-nē		बोलने بولنے bolnē
Conjunctive		ɸ-kē, ɸ-kar		बोलके, बोलकर بول کے، بول کر bolkē, bolkar
Progressive		ɸ-tē-ɸ-tē		बोलते-बोलते بولتے بولتے boltē-boltē

References

"Hindi Noun Cases". hindilanguage.info. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"Ergative Case-marking in Hindi". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
Tokaj, Jolanta (2016-06-01). "A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani". Lingua Posnaniensis. 58: 105–120. doi:10.1515/linpo-2016-0007.
Subbarao, K.; Arora, Harbir (2009-01-01). "The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*". 70: 359–386. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Montaut, Annie (2018-09-10), "On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?", Trends in Hindi Linguistics, pp. 115–146, ISBN 978-3-11-061079-6, retrieved 2020-07-03
Campbell, George L. (1995). Compendium of the World's Languages. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. 225–229. ISBN 0-415-11392-X.
Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 81-208-0508-9.

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[1] "Hindi Noun Cases". hindilanguage.info. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[researchgate-2] "Ergative Case-marking in Hindi". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

[3] Tokaj, Jolanta (2016-06-01). "A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani". Lingua Posnaniensis. 58: 105–120. doi:10.1515/linpo-2016-0007.

[:4-4] Subbarao, K.; Arora, Harbir (2009-01-01). "The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*". 70: 359–386. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[5] Montaut, Annie (2018-09-10), "On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?", Trends in Hindi Linguistics, pp. 115–146, ISBN 978-3-11-061079-6, retrieved 2020-07-03

[:3-6] Campbell, George L. (1995). Compendium of the World's Languages. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. 225–229. ISBN 0-415-11392-X.

[7] Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 81-208-0508-9.