Honestiores and humiliores
Honestiores and humiliores are two categories of the population of Ancient Rome, of high and low status, respectively.[1][2][3] Humiliores included a variety of people such as peasants, artisans, freed slaves, citizens, peregrini,[4] or tenant farmers.[5] Honestiores included groups such as equestrians or certain politicians.[6][7] Humiliores were subject to harsher legal penalties such as corporal punishment or public humiliation;[8][9][10][11] honestiores were exempt from such punishments.[12] In law, humiliores were considered to be more humble.[13] They were seen as lazy and dishonest and were loathed by honestiores.[14] Honestiores were considered to be the more honorable class and included senators and the rich. They made up around 1% of the Roman population. The differences between the Honestiores and the Humiliores may have been an exclusively legal distinction.[4] The division first appeared near the end of the 2nd century AD.
References
- McLynn 2009, pp. 482–483.
- MacMullen 2019, p. 192.
- Peachin 2011, p. 153.
- Rohmann 2012, p. 1.
- Grubbs 2002, p. 10.
- Perkins 2008, p. 5-6.
- Duff 2001, p. 18-21.
- Grubbs 2002, p. 12.
- Berger 2002, p. 490.
- Lapidge 2018, p. 24-29.
- Fleiner 2020.
- Sarris 2011, p. 29.
- Matyszak 2014.
- Duff 2017, p. 173.
Bibliography
- Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-142-5.
- Duff, Paul B. (2017-11-21). Jesus Followers in the Roman Empire. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-4838-3.
- Duff, Paul B. (2001). Who Rides the Beast?: Prophetic Rivalry and the Rhetoric of Crisis in the Churches of the Apocalypse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513835-1.
- Fleiner, Carey (2020-02-28). A writer's guide to Ancient Rome. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-3525-4.
- Grubbs, Judith A. (2002). Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-15240-2.
- Lapidge, Michael (2018). The Roman Martyrs: Introduction, Translations, and Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881136-7.
- Rohmann, Dirk (2012-10-26), Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. wbeah22157, doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22157, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 2022-10-08
- Sarris, Peter (2011-10-27). Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500-700. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-162002-7.
- Matyszak, Philip (2014-04-03). The Roman Empire: A Beginner's Guide. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-78074-425-4.
- MacMullen, Ramsay (2019-02-19). Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19805-7.
- McLynn, Frank (2009-08-11). Marcus Aurelius: A Life. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81830-1.
- Peachin, Michael (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518800-4.
- Perkins, Judith (2008-08-22). Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-15264-3.
Literature
- A. H. M. Jones (1964). The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey. Taylor & Francis.
- Krause, Jens-Uwe (Munich). "Honestiores/Humiliores". Brill's New Pauly.