Impeachment in the United States

Impeachment in the United States is the process by which a legislature may bring charges against an officeholder for misconduct alleged to have been committed with a penalty of removal. Impeachment may also occur at the state level if the state or commonwealth has provisions for it under its constitution. Impeachment might also occur with tribal governments as well as at the local level of government.

The federal House of Representatives can impeach a party with a simple majority of the House members present or such other criteria as the House adopts in accordance with Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution. This triggers a federal impeachment trial in the United States Senate, which can vote by a 2/3 majority to convict an official, removing them from office. The Senate can also further, with just a simple-majority vote, vote to bar an individual convicted in a senate impeachment trial from holding future federal office.

Most state legislatures can impeach state officials, including the governor, in accordance with their respective state constitution. A number of organized United States territories do as well. Additionally, impeachment is a practice of other governments bodies, such as tribal governments.

Impeachment proceedings are remedial rather than punitive in nature, and the remedy is limited to removal from office. Because the process is not punitive, a party may also be subject to criminal or civil trial, prosecution, and conviction under the law after removal from office. Also because the conviction is not a punishment, the president of the United States is constitutionally precluded from granting a pardon to impeached and convicted persons that would protect them from the consequences of a conviction in an impeachment trial.

Federal impeachment
Main articles: Federal impeachment in the United States and Federal impeachment trial in the United States
The 1999 impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding
The 2020 first impeachment trial of Donald Trump, Chief Justice John Roberts presiding

Constitutional provisions

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution provides:

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Article I, Section 3, Clauses 6 and 7 provide:

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States; but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Article II, Section 2 provides:

[The President] ... shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

Article II, Section 4 provides:

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.[1]

The Constitution limits grounds of impeachment to "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors",[2] but does not itself define "high crimes and misdemeanors".

The Constitution gives Congress the authority to impeach and remove "The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States" upon a determination that such officers have engaged in treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The Constitution does not articulate who qualifies as a "civil officer of the United States".[3] Federal judges are subject to impeachment.[4] Within the executive branch, any presidentially appointed "principal officer", including a head of an agency such as a Secretary, Administrator, or Commissioner, is a "civil officer of the United States" subject to impeachment.[5] At the opposite end of the spectrum, lesser functionaries, such as federal civil service employees, do not exercise "significant authority", and are not appointed by the president or an agency head. These employees do not appear to be subject to impeachment, though that may be a matter of allocation of House floor debate time by the Speaker, rather than a matter of law.

The Senate has concluded that members of Congress (representatives and senators) are not "civil officers" for purposes of impeachment.[6] As a practical matter, expulsion is effected by the simpler procedures of Article I, Section 5, which provides "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members ... Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member" (see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded). This allows each House to expel its own members without involving the other chamber. In 1797, the House of Representatives impeached Senator William Blount of Tennessee.[7]

The constitutional text is silent on whether an officer can be tried after the officer resigns or his/her term ends. However, when the issue has arisen, the House has been willing to impeach after resignation, and the Senate has been willing to try the official after resignation. In 1797, the Senate continued impeachment proceedings against William Blount even after he had been expelled from office, dismissing the proceedings only after determining that a Senator is not a "civil officer of the United States". In 1876, William W. Belknap was impeached by the House of Representatives hours after resigning as United States Secretary of War. The Senate held by a 37–29 vote that it had jurisdiction to try Belknap notwithstanding his resignation, but ultimately acquitted him after trial.[8] The permissibility of trying a former official was a major issue in the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, which commenced 20 days after Trump's term in office expired, although Trump's impeachment itself occurred while he was President. By a 55–45 vote, the Senate rejected a motion asserting that the trial was unconstitutional.[9]

The Constitution does not limit the number of times an individual may be impeached. As of 2022, Donald Trump is the only federal officer to have been impeached more than once.

Process

At the federal level, the impeachment process is typically a three-step procedure. The first phase is typically an impeachment inquiry, though this is not a required stage.[10] The two stages constitutionally required for removal are impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial by the United States Senate.

  • First, the House investigates through an impeachment inquiry.
  • Second, the House of Representatives must pass, by a simple majority of those present and voting, articles of impeachment, which constitute the formal allegation or allegations. Upon passage, the defendant has been "impeached".
  • Third, the Senate tries the accused. In the case of the impeachment of a president, the chief justice of the United States presides over the proceedings. For the impeachment of any other official, the Constitution is silent on who shall preside, suggesting that this role falls to the Senate's usual presiding officer, the president of the Senate, who is also the vice president of the United States. Conviction in the Senate requires the concurrence of a two-thirds supermajority of those present. The result of conviction is removal from office and (optionally, in a separate vote) disqualification from holding any federal office in the future, which requires a concurrence of only a majority of senators present.[11][12][13]

Impeachment in the House of Representatives
First day of the Judiciary Committee's formal impeachment hearings against President Nixon, May 9, 1974

Impeachment proceedings may be requested by a member of the House of Representatives, either by presenting a list of the charges under oath or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee. The impeachment process may be requested by non-members. For example, when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached, a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor, the president, or state or territorial legislature, grand jury, or by petition. An impeachment proceeding formally begins with a resolution adopted by the full House of Representative.[10]

An impeachment resolution may first pass through a House committee before the full House votes on it.[10] The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred. A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules, and then to the Judiciary Committee. The House Committee on the Judiciary, by majority vote, will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist (this vote is not law and is not required, US Constitution and US law).

Either as part of the impeachment resolution or separately specific grounds and allegations of for impeachment will be outlined in one or more articles of impeachment.

The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually. A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass. If the House votes to impeach, managers (typically referred to as "House managers", with a "lead House manager") are selected to present the case to the Senate. Recently, managers have been selected by resolution, while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution or district attorney in a standard criminal trial. Also, the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action. After receiving the notice, the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers. The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment. After the reading of the charges, the managers return and make a verbal report to the House.

Trial in the Senate
Main article: Federal impeachment trial in the United States
Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson in 1868, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding.

Senate rules call for an impeachment trial to begin at 1 pm on the day after articles of impeachment are delivered to the Senate, except for Sundays. There is no timeframe requirement for when the managers must actually deliver the articles of impeachment to the Senate. On the set date, senators are sworn in for the impeachment trial.[14]

The proceedings take the form of a trial, with the Senate having the right to call witnesses and each side having the right to perform cross-examinations.[15] The House members, who are given the collective title of managers during the trial, present the prosecution case, and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his or her own attorneys as well. Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence. After hearing the charges, the Senate usually deliberates in private. The Constitution requires a two-thirds supermajority to convict a person being impeached.[16] The Senate enters judgment on its decision, whether that be to convict or acquit, and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State.[15]

Upon conviction in the Senate, the official is automatically removed from office and may by a separate vote also be barred from holding future office. The Senate trial is not an actual criminal proceeding and more closely resembles a civil service termination appeal in terms of the contemplated deprivation. Therefore, the removed official may still be liable to criminal prosecution under a subsequent criminal proceeding. The president may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case, but may in any resulting federal criminal case (unless it is the president who is convicted and thus loses the pardon power). However, whether the president can self-pardon for criminal offenses is an open question, which has never been reviewed by a court.[17]

Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne, the Senate began using "Impeachment Trial Committees" pursuant to Senate Rule XI.[15] These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials, hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses. The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit. The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials, which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber's time. Defendants challenged the use of these committees, claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as this did not meet the constitutional requirement for their cases to be "tried by the Senate". Several impeached judges, including District Court Judge Walter Nixon, sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds. In Nixon v. United States (1993),[18] the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary could not review such proceedings, as matters related to impeachment trials are political questions and could not be resolved in the courts.[19]

In the case of impeachment of the president, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the trial. During the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, some Senate Republicans argued that the Chief Justice was required to preside, even though Trump was no longer the President when the trial began. However, by a 55–45 vote, the Senate rejected a motion asserting that the trial was unconstitutional.[20] The trial was presided over by President pro tempore Patrick Leahy.

The Constitution is silent about who would preside in the case of the impeachment of a vice president. It is doubtful the vice president would be permitted to preside over their own trial. As president of the Senate, the vice president would preside over other impeachments. If the vice president did not preside over an impeachment (of anyone besides the president), the duties would fall to the president pro tempore of the Senate.

To convict an accused, "the concurrence of two thirds of the [senators] present" for at least one article is required. If there is no single charge commanding a "guilty" vote from two-thirds of the senators present, the defendant is acquitted and no punishment is imposed.

Removal and disqualification

Conviction immediately removes the defendant from office. Following the vote on conviction, the Senate may by a separate vote also bar the individual from holding future federal office, elected or appointed. As the threshold for disqualification is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the Senate has taken the position that disqualification votes only require a simple majority rather than a two-thirds supermajority. The Senate has used disqualification sparingly, as only three individuals have been disqualified from holding future office.[21][22][23]

Conviction does not extend to further punishment, for example, loss of pension. After conviction by the Senate, "the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law"[24] in the regular federal or state courts. However, the Former Presidents Act of 1958, which provides a pension and other benefits, does not extend to presidents who were removed from office following an impeachment conviction. Because of an amendment to that law in 2013, a former president who has been removed from office due to impeachment and conviction is still guaranteed lifetime Secret Service protection.[25]

List of federal impeachments
See also: U.S. presidential impeachment

The House has approved articles of impeachment 21 times for 20 federal officers. Of these:

Of the 21 impeachments by the House, eight defendants were convicted and removed from office, four cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office and the Senate did not pursue the case, and nine ended in acquittal. To date, every convicted official was a federal judge.[27][28] Of the eight to have been convicted and removed, three were disqualified from ever holding federal office again by the Senate.[23] One of the remaining five is former congressman Alcee Hastings (D-Florida), who was convicted and removed from office as a federal judge in 1989, but was not barred from holding federal office, only to be elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1992, a seat he held until his death on April 6, 2021.

No president impeached by the House has been convicted by the Senate. In two cases, a Senate majority voted to convict an impeached president, but the vote fell short of the required two-thirds majority and therefore the impeached president was not convicted. The two instances where this happened were the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868 (where Johnson escaped conviction by one vote), and the second Senate trial of Donald Trump in 2021, where Trump missed conviction by 10 votes.[29]

The following table lists federal officials who were impeached. Blue highlight indicates presidents of the United States.

# Date of impeachment Accused Office Accusations Result[Note 1]
1 July 7, 1797 William Blount United States Senator (Tennessee) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate expelled him from the chamber on their own authority on July 8, 1797. The House approved articles of impeachment on January 28, 1798.[30][31] At the end of the trial on January 11, 1799, Senate voted that they did not have jurisdiction.[Note 2][32]
2 March 2, 1803 John Pickering Judge (District of New Hampshire) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Convicted; removed on March 12, 1804[30][32][33]
3 March 12, 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice (Supreme Court of the United States) Political bias and arbitrary rulings, promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench[34] Acquitted on March 1, 1805[30][33]
4 April 24, 1830 James H. Peck Judge (District of Missouri) Abuse of power[35] Acquitted on January 31, 1831[30][33][32]
5 May 6, 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge (Eastern, Middle, and Western Districts of Tennessee) Supporting the Confederacy Convicted; removed and disqualified on June 26, 1862[32][30][33]
6 February 24, 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Supreme Court would later state in dicta that the (by then repealed) Tenure of Office Act had been unconstitutional.[36] Acquitted on May 26, 1868; 35–19 in favor of conviction, falling one vote short of two-thirds.[30][32]
7 February 28, 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge (District of Kansas) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12, 1873[33][37]
8 March 2, 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War (resigned just before impeachment vote) Graft, corruption Resigned on March 2, 1876; acquitted on August 1, 1876[30][32]
9 December 13, 1904 Charles Swayne Judge (Northern District of Florida) Failure to live in his district, abuse of power[38] Acquitted on February 27, 1905[30][33][32]
10 July 11, 1912 Robert W. Archbald Associate Justice (United States Commerce Court)
Judge (Third Circuit Court of Appeals)		 Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Convicted; removed and disqualified on January 13, 1913[32][30][33]
11 April 1, 1926 George W. English Judge (Eastern District of Illinois) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4, 1926,[32][30] proceedings dismissed on December 13, 1926[32][33]
12 February 24, 1933 Harold Louderback Judge (Northern District of California) Corruption Acquitted on May 24, 1933[30][33][32]
13 March 2, 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge (Southern District of Florida) Champerty, corruption, tax evasion, practicing law while a judge Convicted; removed on April 17, 1936[30][33][32]
14 July 22, 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge (District of Nevada) Tax evasion Convicted; removed on October 9, 1986[30][33][32]
15 August 3, 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge (Southern District of Florida) Accepting a bribe, and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Convicted; removed on October 20, 1989[30][33][32]
16 May 10, 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge (Southern District of Mississippi) Perjury Convicted; removed on November 3, 1989[30][33][Note 3][32]
17 December 19, 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice[39] Acquitted on February 12, 1999: 45–55 on perjury and 50–50 on obstruction of justice[30][40]
18 June 19, 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge (Southern District of Texas) Sexual assault, and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30, 2009,[33][41] proceedings dismissed on July 22, 2009[30][33][42][43]
19 March 11, 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge (Eastern District of Louisiana) Making false financial disclosures, corruption. Convicted; removed and disqualified on December 8, 2010[30][33][44][45]
20 December 18, 2019 Donald Trump President of the United States Abuse of power and obstruction of Congress Acquitted on February 5, 2020: 48–52 on abuse of power and 47–53 on obstruction of Congress
21 January 13, 2021 Incitement of insurrection Acquitted on February 13, 2021: 57–43 in favor of conviction on incitement of insurrection, falling 10 votes short of two-thirds.

Impeachment by state and territorial governments
Photograph of a scene from the 1913 impeachment of New York Governor William Sulzer

State legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors and judicial officers, in every state except Oregon.[46][47] The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model—in New York, for instance, the Assembly (lower house) impeaches, and the State Senate tries the case, but the members of the seven-judge New York State Court of Appeals (the state's highest, constitutional court) sit with the senators as jurors as well.[48] Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States, usually for corruption charges. At least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial; a twelfth, Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma, escaped impeachment by one vote in 1912. Several others, including Missouri's Eric Greitens in 2018, have resigned rather than face impeachment, when events seemed to make it inevitable.[49] The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14, 2009, when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117–1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges;[50] he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29. He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office.

In addition, the legislatures of the territories of American Samoa[51] Northern Mariana Islands,[52] and Puerto Rico have impeachment powers.[53]

The procedure for impeachment, or removal, of local officials varies widely. For instance, in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor "upon being heard" on charges—the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor.

In 2018, the entire Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia was impeached, something that has been often threatened, but had never happened before.

Most states follow the same model as the United States federal government of having the lower chamber of their legislatures hold a vote to "impeach", thereby triggering an impeachment trial held in the upper chamber of their legislatures. However, several states do differ from the convention of holding the impeachment trial in the state legislature’s upper chamber. In a reverse, in Alaska it is the upper chamber of the legislature that votes to impeach while the lower chamber acts as the court of impeachment.[46] In Missouri, after the lower chamber votes to impeach, an impeachment trial is held before the Supreme Court of Missouri, except for members of that court or for governors, whose impeachments are to be tried by a panel of seven judges (requiring a vote of five judges to convict), with the members of the panel being selected by the upper legislative chamber, the Missouri State Senate. [54] In Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature, after the Nebraska Legislature votes to impeach, an impeachment trial takes place before the Nebraska Supreme Court. In Oklahoma, after an impeachment vote, both chambers of the Oklahoma Legislature act together as a court of impeachment in a joint session.[46] In addition to all the members of its upper chamber, the state of New York's Court of the Trial of Impeachments also includes all seven members of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals.[55]

Officials impeached by state and territorial governments
Date State Accused Office Result
1791[56][57] Georgia Henry Osborne Superior Court judge Removed[58]
April 5, 1793[59] Pennsylvania John Nicholson Comptroller general of Pennsylvania Not removed; acquitted in 1794[59]
December 17, 1798[60] Tennessee David Campbell Judge of the Superior Court Not removed; acquitted [60]
1802[61] Pennsylvania Alexander Addison District judge Removed in January 1803[62]
September 28, 1803[60] Tennessee David Campbell Judge of the Superior Court Not removed; acquitted on October 6, 1803[60]
March 23, 1804[63] Pennsylvania Thomas Smith Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Not removed; acquitted on January 28, 1805[64][65]
Edward Shippen IV Chief justice of Pennsylvania
Jasper Yeates Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
February 22, 1805[66] Ohio William W. Irvin Associate justice of the Fairfield County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas Removed on January 11, 1806[66]
September 3, 1806[60] Tennessee John Philips Justice of the peace in Robertson County, Tennessee Not removed; acquitted on October 24, 1807[60]
September 3, 1806[60] Tennessee Isaac Philips Justice of the peace in Robertson County, Tennessee Removed on October 24, 1807 and disqualified from holding state office for a period of two years[60]
1807[67] Pennsylvania Thomas McKean Governor of Pennsylvania Not removed; no trial held and the impeachment was abandoned[68]
December 24, 1808[69] Ohio Calvin Pease Judge of the Third Circuit Court of Ohio Not removed; acquitted in February 1809[69]
December 24, 1808[69] Ohio George Tod Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court Not removed; acquitted on January 20, 1809[69]
November 7, 1811[60] Tennessee William Cocke Judge of the First Circuit Court of Tennessee Removed on October 10, 1812[60]
November 3, 1821[60] Tennessee Samuel H. Williams Surveyor general of the Seventh District Removed on August 10, 1822[60]
April 11, 1825[63] Pennsylvania Seth Chapman Judge of the Eight Judicial District of Pennsylvania Not removed; acquitted on February 18, 1826[63]
April 11, 1825[63] Pennsylvania Robert Porter Judge of the Third Judicial District of Pennsylvania Not removed; acquitted on December 31, 1825[63]
October 27, 1829[60] Tennessee Nathaniel W. Williams Circuit Court judge Removed on December 22, 1829[60]
December 24, 1829[60] Tennessee Joshua Haskell Judge of the Eighth Circuit Court of Tennessee Not removed, acquitted November 30, 1831[60]
1832 Illinois Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice, Illinois Supreme Court Not removed; acquitted[70]
February 9, 1857[71] California Henry Bates Treasurer of California Found guilty in impeachment trial on March 11, 1857, resigned before this sentence was formally entered. Was disqualified from holding state office.[71]
February 26, 1862 Kansas Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Not removed; acquitted[72]
John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12, 1862[73]
George S. Hillyer State auditor of Kansas Removed on June 16, 1862[73]
February 11, 1867[60] Tennessee Thomas N. Frazier Judge Removed and disqualified from holding state office[60]
1868 New York Robert C. Dorn New York Canal Commissioner Not removed; acquitted in trial verdict on June 13, 1868[74]
1868[75] Florida Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Originally removed; removal overturned by Florida Supreme Court[76]
1870[77] Florida James T. Magbee Judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Florida Not removed; impeachment proceedings abandoned without a verdict.[72]
December 14, 1870[78] North Carolina William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed on March 22, 1871[79]
1871 Nebraska David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed[72]
February 1872 Florida Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Not removed[80]
March 1872 New York George G. Barnard New York Supreme Court (1st District) Removed
1872 Louisiana Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana "Suspended from office", though trial was not held[81]
1875[82] West Virginia Edward Bennett West Virginia state auditor Not removed, acquitted[82]
1875[82] West Virginia John Burdette Treasurer of West Virginia Removed[82]
1876 Mississippi Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned[72]
1888 Kentucky James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed
1901 North Carolina David M. Furches Chief Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court Not removed; acquitted[83]
Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court Not removed; acquitted[83]
June 25, 1909[84] Washington J. H. Schively Washington state insurance commissioner Not removed; acquitted August 26, 1909[84]
August 13, 1913[85] New York William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17, 1913[86]
July 1917 Texas James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed[87]
1918[88] Montana Charles L. Crum Judge of Montana's Fifteenth Judicial District Removed; found guilty on March 22, 1918[89]
October 23, 1923 Oklahoma John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed
1927[82] West Virginia John C. Bond West Virginia state auditor Resigned on March 15, 1927, no trial held[90]
1927 Montana T. C. Stewart Montana Secretary of State Removed[89]
1928 Massachusetts Arthur Kenneth Reading Attorney general of Massachusetts Resigned[91]
January 21, 1929 Oklahoma Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed
April 6, 1929[92] Louisiana Huey Long Governor of Louisiana Not removed
June 13, 1941 Massachusetts Daniel H. Coakley Massachusetts Governor's Councilor Removed on October 2, 1941
May 1958[93] Tennessee Raulston Schoolfield Judge, Hamilton County, Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11, 1958[94]
1963[95] Florida Richard Kelly Circuit judge Not removed; acquitted[95]
1975[96] Texas O.P. Carillo District judge of Duval County Removed[97]
1975[95] Florida Thomas D. O'Malley Florida insurance commissioner Resigned,[98] articles of impeachment thereafter dismissed[95]
1976[99] Vermont Mike Mayo Sheriff of Washington County, Vermont Not removed, acquitted in impeachment trial[99]
March 14, 1984[100] Nebraska Paul L. Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Not removed; acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4, 1984[101]
February 6, 1988[102] Arizona Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4, 1988[103]
March 30, 1989[104] West Virginia A. James Manchin State treasurer of West Virginia Resigned on July 9, 1989, before trial started[105]
January 25, 1991[106] Kentucky Ward "Butch" Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6, 1991, before trial started[107]
May 24, 1994[108] Pennsylvania Rolf Larsen Associate Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4, 1994, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania[109]
October 6, 1994[110] Missouri Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12, 1994[111]
July 12, 2000[112] New Hampshire David Brock Chief justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court Not removed; acquitted on October 11, 2000[113]
September 9, 2004[114] Oklahoma Carroll Fisher Oklahoma insurance commissioner Resigned on September 24, 2004[115]
November 11, 2004[116] Nevada Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Not removed; censured on December 4, 2004[117]
April 11, 2006[118] Nebraska David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7, 2006[119]
January 8, 2009
(first vote)[120]		 Illinois Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois Not removed, 95th General Assembly ended before a removal vote could be held
January 14, 2009
(second vote)[121]		 Removed on January 29, 2009, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois[122]
February 11, 2013[123] Northern Mariana Islands Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20, 2013
August 13, 2018[124] West Virginia Robin Davis Associate Justices, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Retired on August 13, 2018.[125]
Allen Loughry Resigned on November 12, 2018.[126][127]
Beth Walker Not removed; reprimanded and censured on October 2, 2018[128]
Margaret Workman Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Retired on December 31, 2020.[129]
April 12, 2022[130] South Dakota Jason Ravnsborg South Dakota Attorney General Removed on June 21, 2022 and declared ineligible to hold office in South Dakota[131]
November 16, 2022[132] Pennsylvania Larry Krasner District attorney of Philadelphia TBD; State Senate voted on January 11, 2023 to indefinitely postpone the trial.[133] Future unclear after the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania opined on January 12, 2023 that the articles of impeachment had failed to meet the necessary legal standard of "misbehavior in office"[134][135]

State governors removed through impeachment processes

At least seven state governors have been impeached and formally removed from office:

Impeachment by other government bodies and organizations in the United States

Other governments and organizations in the United States also utilize impeachment.

Tribal governments and other tribal organizations

Many tribal governments have impeachment, with tribes generally utilizing a similar bifurcated process to the federal government, having an impeachment vote be followed by an impeachment trial.[141] Examples of tribal governments that have an impeachment process include the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation[142] Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation,[143] Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,[144] and Oglala Sioux.[145][146]

The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy's Great Law of Peace, which predates the constitution of the United States, includes what amounts to an impeachment process through which clan mothers can remove and replace a sachem for misdeeds. This is unique in that only a tribe's women are allowed to remove a sachem through this process.[147][148]

A notable Native impeachment attempt was the 1975 effort to impeach Dick Wilson as chairman of the Oglala of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. This immediately preceded the Wounded Knee Occupation.[149]

Examples of Native tribal officials that were impeached include:

Municipal governments

Some municipal governments allow for officials such as mayors to be impeached by the municipal government.[164] Cities where municipal governments have impeachment proceedings include some major cities, such as Houston.[165][166] One example of an impeachment by a municipal government is that of Philip Tomppert, who was removed through impeachment as the mayor of Louisville, Kentucky by the Louisville Board of Aldermen (city council) in 1865.[167]

Other organizations

There are other organizations in the United States that have impeachment procedures, including students' union ("student government"/"student council") organizations.[168]

Impeachment during the Colonial Era

Several of the colonies belonging to England that later formed the original states of the United States of America held impeachments. Impeachment was a process carried over from England. Unlike in modern America, but similarly to the practice of impeachment in England, in at least some colonies, impeachment was a process that could also be used to try non-officeholders. Impeachments generally used a similar bifurcated process to the common modern practice of an impeachment vote followed by an impeachment trial.[169]

Individuals impeached by colonial governments
Date Government Accused Office (and other notability) Result Notes Cite
April 1635 Colony of Virginia John Harvey Governor of Virginia Removed Removal action only retrospectively been considered an impeachment [169]
1669 Province of Maryland John Morecroft Member of the Assembly of Free Marylanders Acquitted [169]
1676 Province of Maryland Thomas Trueman No office (landholding aristocrat) Found guilty on May 27, 1676. Fined and released. [169]
May 27, 1676 Province of Maryland Charles James Sheriff of Caecill County, Maryland Found guilty of battery and perjury on June 1, 1676 and removed from office; no criminal penalty given [169]
1682 Province of Maryland Jacob Young Indian interpreter Found guilty and removed from office in 1663 [169]
May 15, 1685 Province of Pennsylvania Nicholas More Chief justice of Pennsylvania Found guilty and removed from office [169]
1706 Massachusetts Bay Colony John Borland, Roger Lawson, William Rouse, Samuel Vetch No office (merchant captains) Found guilty and given criminal sentences; sentences later invalidated by the Privy Council of England [170][171]
1707 Province of Pennsylvania James Logan Member of the Provincial Council Impeachment abandoned for lack of a venue described by law to try the impeachment in (law at the time had allowed for impeachment by the Assembly, but ommitted prescription of a venue to try impeachments in) [170]
April 1719 Province of South Carolina Nicholas Trott Chief justice South Carolina Found guilty and removed Some scholars dispute that Trott's trial and removal was formally an impeachment [172][173]
1754 Province of Pennsylvania William Moore Justice of the peace (also a landowner and militia leader) Impeachment process halted after Privy Council of England ruled that the Pennsylvania Assembly did not have the authority [170]
1774 Massachusetts Bay Colony Peter Oliver Chief justice of Massachusetts Impeachment process abandoned [174][175]

Impeachment in independent governments later admitted as states

Some states were independent governments before being admitted into the United States.

Date Government Accused Office (if applicable) Result Notes Cite
1781 Vermont Republic John Abbot and Daniel Martin Vermont House members Both found guilty and removed from office While it was termed an impeachment, the entire impeachment process occurred in only one legislative chamber (the House) `[176]
1785 Vermont Republic Matthew Lyon Vermont Clerk Found guilty; later retried (outcome unknown) `[176]

See also

Notes
  1. "Removed and disqualified" indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, which provides, in pertinent part, that "[j]udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States."
  2. During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount, it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument, the House has never again impeached a member of Congress. The Constitution allows either house to expel one of its members by a two-thirds vote, which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him (but before the Senate heard the case).
  3. Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States.

References

Citations
  1. "The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription". National Archives. November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  2. "Article II". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  3. The Constitution also discusses the president's power to appoint "Officers of the United States", "the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments", and "Inferior officers". These are different.
  4. Joshua E. Kastenberg, The Campaign to Impeach Justice William O. Douglas: Nixon, Vietnam, and the Conservative Attack on Judicial Independence (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2019)
  5. Cole, J. P.; Garvey, T. (October 29, 2015). "Report No. R44260, Impeachment and Removal" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. 15–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2016.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. An earlier version from 2005 is at https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-806.pdf Archived July 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. Senate Journal, 5th Congress, 3rd Session, December 17, 1798 to January 10, 1799.
  7. "U.S. Senate: Impeachment". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010.
  8. Thomas Berry (2021). "Late Impeachment: An In-Depth Account of the Belknap Trial, by Thomas Berry". Part One. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  9. David Morgan (January 26, 2021). "Senate Republicans unite behind failed effort to challenge Trump impeachment trial". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  10. Impeachment and Removal Archived November 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2015
  11. "U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States". U.S. Senate. March 4, 1789. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014.
  12. Millhiser, Ian (January 8, 2021). "How Congress can permanently disqualify Trump from office after impeachment". Vox. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  13. "Judgment - Removal and Disqualification". Justia. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  14. Senators sworn in for Trump impeachment trial
  15. "Rules and Procedures of Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials" (PDF). Senate Manual Containing the Standing Rules, Orders, Laws and Resolutions Affecting the Business of the United States Senate. United States Senate. August 16, 1986. Section 100–126, 105th Congress, pp. 177–185. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  16. "What would Trump have to do to get impeached?". whatifhq.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  17. Gerhardt, Michael J. "Essays on Article I: Punishment for Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  18. Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993).
  19. Presser, Stephen B. "Essays on Article I: Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  20. David Morgan (January 26, 2021). "Senate Republicans unite behind failed effort to challenge Trump impeachment trial". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  21. "Judgment—Removal and Disqualification". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  22. Foley, Edward B. (September 25, 2019). "Congress Should Remove Trump from Office, But Let Him Run Again in 2020". Politico. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  23. Steve Vladeck (January 14, 2021). "Why Trump Can Be Convicted Even as an Ex-President". The New York Times.
  24. Article I, Clause 7, Section 3 of the Constitution of United States (1787)
  25. Choma, Russ (January 8, 2021). "If Trump Is Impeached and Convicted, He'll Lose His Post-Presidency Perks". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  26. Cai, Weiyi; Lai, K. K. Rebecca; Parlapiano, Alicia; White, Jeremy; Buchanan, Larry (December 18, 2019). "Live House Vote: The Impeachment of Donald J. Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  27. "U.S. Senate: Impeachment". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  28. "Impeachment History". Infoplease. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  29. Erskine, Daniel H. (2008). "The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton: Law As a Weapon for Political Reform". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 7 (1). ISSN 1546-6981. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  30. "Chapter 4: Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials". United States Senate. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  31. The First Impeachment Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, United States Senate, accessed January 14, 2021
  32. U.S. Joint Committee on Printing (September 2006). "Impeachment Proceedings". Congressional Directory. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.()
  33. "Impeachments of Federal Judges". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  34. "1801: Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice". November 25, 2014. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  35. "PBS NewsHour". PBS. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  36. Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).
  37. "Judges of the United States Courts – Delahay, Mark W." Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  38. "Hinds' Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 78 – The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne". Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  39. https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/105th-congress/house-report/830 Archived June 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine House Report 105-830 – Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States
  40. Erskine, Daniel H (2008). "The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton: Law As a Weapon for Political Reform". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. Washington University in St. Louis. 7 (1). Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  41. Gamboa, Suzanne (June 30, 2009). "White House accepts convicted judge's resignation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  42. Gamboa, Suzanne (July 22, 2009). "Congress ends jailed judge's impeachment". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  43. Powell, Stewart (June 19, 2009). "U.S. House impeaches Kent". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009. In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803, the House on Friday impeached a federal judge—imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ...
  44. Alpert, Bruce; Tilove, Jonathan (December 8, 2010). "Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  45. Alpert, Bruce (March 11, 2010). "Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  46. "Gubernatorial impeachment procedures". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  47. "Impeachment | Definition, Process, History, & Facts". www.britannica.com. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  48. New York State Constitution, Article VI, § 24
  49. Suntrup, Jack; Erickson, Kurt. "Embattled Gov. Eric Greitens resigns". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  50. "House votes to impeach Blagojevich again". Chicago Tribune. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  51. "American Samoa, Amendment 8, Governor Impeachment Measure (2022)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  52. "Article III, Northern Mariana Islands Constitution". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  53. "Puerto Rico Constitution :: Article III - The Legislature :: Section 21". Justia Law. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  54. "Article VII, Missouri Constitution". Ballotpedia.
  55. Niedzwaidek, Nick; Golway, Terry (August 3, 2021). "Here's how impeachment works in New York". Politico. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  56. "TESTIMONY IN CONTESTED ELECTIONS" (PDF). www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  57. "The Augusta chronicle and gazette of the state. (Augusta [Ga.]) 1789-1806, December 10, 1791, Image 5 Previous PageNext Page". gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  58. "A treatise on the constitution of Georgia, giving the origin, history and development of the fundamental law of the state, with all constitutional documents containing such law, and with the present constitution, as amended to date, with annotations / by Walter McElreath - Digital Library of Georgia". dlg.usg.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  59. "PA State Archives - MG-96 - Scope and Content Note - Sequestered John Nicholson Papers". www.phmc.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania Historical Museum & Commission. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  60. Ewing, Cortez A. M. (1957). "Early Tennessee Impeachments". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 16 (4): 291–334. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42621348. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  61. "Guide to the Alexander Addison Papers, 1786-1803 DAR.1925.06". digital.library.pitt.edu. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  62. Rowe, G. S. (1979). "Alexander Addison: The Disillusionment of a "Republican Schoolmaster"". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  63. Haverstick, Matthew H; Voss, Joshua J.; Vance, Shohin H.; Zimmer, Samantha G.; Notarianni, Francis G. (December 16, 2022). "IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA No. 563 MD 2022 LARRY KRASNER, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF PHILADELPHIA, v. Petitioner, SENATOR KIM WARD, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS INTERIM PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE, ET AL., Respondents. BRIEF OF RESPONDENT SENATOR KIM WARD IN OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR SUMMARY RELIEF AND IN SUPPORT OF CROSS-APPLICATION FOR SUMMARY RELIEF" (PDF). Pennsylvania Courts. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  64. Meigs, William M. (1893). "Pennsylvania Politics Early in This Century". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 17 (4): 469–472. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20083561. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  65. Henderson, Elizabeth K. (1937). "The Attack on the Judiciary in Pennsylvania, 1800-1810". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 61 (2): 114. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20087035. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  66. "William W. Irwin » Supreme Court of Ohio". www.supremecourt.ohio.gov. Supreme Court of Ohio. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  67. Meigs, William M. (1893). "Pennsylvania Politics Early in This Century". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 17 (4): 462–490. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20083561. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  68. "Governor Thomas McKean". www.phmc.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania Historical Museum and Commission. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  70. Bateman, Newton; Selby, Paul; Shonkwiler, Frances M.; Fowkes, Henry L. (1908). Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago, IL: Munsell Publishing Company. p. 489. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  71. Stewart, Frank M. (1957). "California's First Impeachment, 1857" (PDF). The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 39 (4): 328–339. doi:10.2307/41169295. ISSN 2162-9366. JSTOR 41169295. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  72. "Impeachment of State Officials". Cga.ct.gov. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
  73. Blackmar, Frank (1912). Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History. Standard Publishing Co. p. 598.
  74. "The Dorn Impeachment Trial at Albany". The New York Times. June 13, 1868. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  75. Little, Becky. "8 US Governors Who Were Impeached and Convicted". HISTORY. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  76. "Sordid saga: Drafting Florida's 1868 Constitution". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  77. Ewing, Cortez A. M. (1957). "Florida Reconstruction Impeachments". Florida Historical Quarterly. 36 (4). Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  78. Folk, Edgar E.; Shaw, Bynum (1982). W. W. Holden: A Political Biography. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair. p. 223. ISBN 0-89587-025-8.
  79. Holden, William Woods (1871). Trial of William W. Holden. "Sentinel" printing office. p. 6. Retrieved April 15, 2015. L. P. Olds.
  80. "Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era". floridamemory.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  81. "State Governors of Louisiana: Henry Clay Warmoth". Enlou.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
  82. Kercheval, Hoppy (June 27, 2018). "A brief history of impeachment in West Virginia". WV MetroNews. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  83. News & Observer: NC's dark impeachment history Archived July 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine by Rob Christensen
  84. Bergman, H. J. (1968). "The Impeachment Trial of John H. Schively". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 59 (3): 128–136. ISSN 0030-8803. JSTOR 40488514. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  85. "Sulzer Impeached by Assembly But Refuses to Surrender Office", Syracuse Herald, August 13, 1913, p. 1
  86. "High Court Removes Sulzer from Office by a Vote of 43 to 12", Syracuse Herald, October 17, 1913, p. 1
  87. Block, Lourenda (2000). "Permanent University Fund: Investing in the Future of Texas". TxTell (University of Texas at Austin). Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  88. Impeachment and Trial of Charles L. Crum, Judge of the District Court of the 15th Judicial District, Legislature Montana 1918.
  89. "Chapter 11 Impeaching Judge Crum" (PDF). mhs.mt.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  90. "Resignation of State Auditor John C. Bond". archive.wvculture.org. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  91. "Impeachment". Time. June 18, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010. With great solemnity, violent denunciation and impassioned infinitive-splitting by the prosecutors, the Massachusetts House of Representatives last week voted 196 to 18 the impeachment of Massachusetts' Attorney General, Arthur K. Reading. It was the first time in 148 years that the Commonwealth had found out a corrupt public officer and affixed censure. ...
  92. Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana, April 6, 1929 pp. 292–94
  93. "Raulston Schoolfield, Impeached Judge, Dies". UPI. October 8, 1982. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  94. "Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty". AP. July 11, 1958. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  95. Karl, Frederick B.; Davis, Marguerite (Winter 1978). "Impeachment in Florida" (PDF). Florida State University Law Review. 6 (1).
  96. Ramsey, Ross (November 16, 2020). "Analysis: Impeachment is a political option in Washington. In Texas, not so much". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  97. "Impeachments in Texas". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  98. "Thomas D. O'Malley, impeached in 1970s, dies in Port St. Lucie". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  99. "Who Oversees Vermont's County Sheriffs?". Vermont Public. February 2, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  100. "Attorney General is Impeached". AP. March 14, 1984. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  101. "Nebraskan Found Not Guilty". AP. May 4, 1984. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  102. Gruson, Lindsey (February 6, 1988). "House Impeaches Arizona Governor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  103. Gruson, Lindsey (April 5, 1988). "Arizona's Senate Ousts Governor, Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  104. AP staff reporter (March 30, 1989). "Impeachment in West Virginia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  105. Wallace, Anise C. (July 10, 1989). "Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund's Losses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  106. "Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official". Orlando Sentinel. January 26, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one-year sentence for a payroll violation.
  107. "Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial". Orlando Sentinel. February 7, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Kentucky's commissioner of agriculture, serving a one-year jail sentence for felony theft, resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate.
  108. Hinds, Michael deCourcy (May 25, 1994). "Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2010. A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
  109. Moushey, Bill; Tim Reeves (October 5, 1994). "Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment. The state Senate, after six hours of debate, found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8:25 p.m, then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again.
  110. Young, Virginia (October 7, 1994). "Moriarty Is Impeached – Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2013. The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that 'breached the public trust'. The move, the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years, came at 4:25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber.
  111. Young, Virginia; Bell, Kim (December 13, 1994). "High Court Ousts Moriarty". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2013. In a unanimous opinion Monday, the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office.
  112. "N.H. Judge Impeached". ABC News. July 12, 2000. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  113. Goldberg, Carey (October 11, 2000). "New Hampshire Supreme Court Justice Is Acquitted in His Impeachment Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  114. Griffin, David (September 9, 2004). "Oklahoma House votes to impeach Carroll Fisher". www.newson6.com. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  115. "Fisher resigns on eve of impeachment trial". UPI. September 24, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  116. Vogel, Ed (November 12, 2004). "Augustine impeached". Review-Journal. Archived from the original on November 13, 2004. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  117. Whaley, Sean (December 5, 2004). "Senate lets controller keep job". Review-Journal. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  118. Jenkins, Nate (April 11, 2006). "Hergert impeached". Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2012. With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins, the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it hadn't done in 22 years—move to unseat an elected official.
  119. "Hergert Convicted". WOWT-TV. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2012. University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign-finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up. The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert, 66, from office.
  120. Staff reporter (January 9, 2009). "Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich". AP. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  121. Mckinney, Dave; Wilson, Jordan (January 14, 2009). "Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  122. Long, Ray; Rick Pearson (January 30, 2009). "Blagojevich is removed from office". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  123. Eugenio, Haidee V. (January 9, 2009). "CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges". Saipan Tribune. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  124. "The Latest: All 4 West Virginia justices impeached". AP NEWS. August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  125. "WV Supreme Court Justice Robin Davis retires after her impeachment". Herald-Dispatch. Associated Press. August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  126. "The Latest: W.Va. lawmakers won't meet after justice resigns". Associated Press. November 11, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  127. Allen Adams, Steven (November 12, 2018). "Facing Possible Impeachment, West Virginia Supreme Court Justice Resigns". Governing. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  128. MetroNews, WSAZ News Staff, WV. "Senators reprimand Justice Walker, but vote to not impeach". www.wsaz.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  129. "W.Va. Supreme Court Justice Workman to retire". Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  130. "South Dakota's attorney general is impeached over a fatal crash". NPR. April 12, 2022.
  131. Bosman, Julie (June 21, 2022). "South Dakota Removes Its Attorney General After Fatal Crash". The New York Times.
  132. Fortin, Jacey (November 16, 2022). "Pennsylvania House Votes to Impeach Philadelphia's Progressive D.A." The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  133. "Senate delays Philly DA's impeachment trial amid court case". The Associated Press. January 11, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  134. Schultz, Brooke; Scolforo, Mark (January 13, 2023). "Court splits on legality of move to impeach Philly DA Larry Krasner". WHYY. The Associated Press. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  135. Palmer, Chris (December 30, 2022). "Commonwealth Court sides with Philly DA Larry Krasner in impeachment lawsuit". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  136. Holden, William Woods (1871). Trial of William W. Holden. "Sentinel" printing office. p. 6. Retrieved April 15, 2015. L. P. Olds.
  137. "Gov. David C. Butler". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  138. O'Dell, Larry. "WALTON, JOHN CALLOWAY (1881–1949) Archived December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived April 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  139. Watkins, Ronald J. (1990). High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Term and Trials of Former Governor Evan Mecham. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-09051-7.
  140. Saulny, Susan (January 9, 2009). "Illinois House Impeaches Governor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
  141. "Tribal Programs" (PDF). www.bia.gov. Bureau of Indian Affairs. February 1984. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  142. Wagoner, Paula L. (January 17, 2007). "n Experiment in Democracy: The politics of impeachment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation" (PDF). Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  143. "Possible impeachment of Tribal President at Northern Cheyenne again? - Native Sun News Today". Native Sun News Today -. February 2, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  144. Steward, Kristy (May 12, 2017). "Tribal impeachment fight, proceedings set for May 18". WLOS. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  145. Davey, Monica (February 4, 2006). "As Tribal Leaders, Women Still Fight Old Views". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  146. Abourezk, Kevin (September 17, 2020). "'Your silence votes for you': Citizens of Oglala Sioux Tribe target council over impeachment vote". Indianz.com. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  147. Lienhard, John H. "No. 709: The Iroquois and the U.S. Government". www.uh.edu. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  148. Dziamka, Kaz (March 24, 2007). "The Iroquois Way of Impeachment". CounterPunch.org. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  149. Multiple sources:
    • Gladstone, Lyn. "Oglala Council Continues Hearing Weighing Charges against Wilson," Rapid City Journal [Rapid City, South Dakota], 23 February 1973
    • Reinhardt, Akim D. (2007). Ruling Pine Ridge: Oglala Lakota Politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee (Plains Histories). Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. pp. 180–183. ISBN 9780896726017. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
    • Lyman, Stanley David (1991). Wounded Knee 1973: A Personal Account. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 6–12.
  150. Meserve, John Bartlette (December 1938). "Samuel Checote with Sketches of Chiefs Locher Hart and Ward Coachman". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 16 (4).
  151. "Indian Journal--December 21, 1876: ""Impeachment of Lochar Harjo"" (typescript). Includes articles of impeachment. :: Western History - Native American Manuscripts - Harjo, Lochar (d. 1879)". digital.libraries.ou.edu. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  152. Margulis, Abigail (May 24, 2017). "Breaking: Cherokee chief impeached by Tribal Council, hearing gets heated". The Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  153. "BOARD VOTES TO IMPEACH CHEROKEE INDIAN CHIEF". Greensboro News and Record. January 24, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  154. Melmer, David (December 27, 2006). "Cecelia Fire Thunder A year of confusion draws to an end for former Oglala Sioux leader". Indian Country Today. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  155. "Fire Thunder removal hearing delayed a second time". Indianz. December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  156. "Osage Nation Congress impeaches John Red Eagle as chief". Indianz. January 21, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  157. Stallings, Dianne L. (November 29, 2016). "Mescalero tribal council member impeached". Ruidoso News. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  158. Margulis, Abigail (May 24, 2017). "Breaking: Cherokee chief impeached by Tribal Council, hearing gets heated". The Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  159. Kays, Holly (May 31, 2017). "Cherokee chief removed from office: Lambert's impeachment causes anger as primary election draws near". smokymountainnews.com. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  160. "Oglala Sioux Tribal Council votes to impeach Vice President Darla Black - Native Sun News Today". Native Sun News Today -. November 26, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  161. Chasing Hawk, Ernestine (December 5, 2019). "Oglala Sioux Tribal Council votes to impeach Vice President Darla Black". Indianz. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  162. "How One Tribe Handled Impeachment of Chief: Joe Bunch Remains Chief, Will Receive "Reprimand"". Native News Online. January 8, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  163. "Northern Cheyenne Tribal Council Votes to Remove President". US News & World Report. Associated Press. February 3, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  164. Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (October 4, 2019). "How Does It Feel to Be Impeached? These Mayors Can Tell You All About It". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  165. "Mayor begins impeachment process of Houston councilman; issue tabled". Houston Herald. January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  166. "HOUSTON'S MAYOR WINS OUSTER TIFF; City Council Censures Him but Drops Impeachment -- Election Nov. 19 Awaited". The New York Times. August 28, 1955. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  167. Kleber, John E. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 887.
  168. Multiple sources:
  169. Hoffer, Peter C.; Hull, N. E. H. (1978). "The First American Impeachments" (PDF). The William and Mary Quarterly. 35 (4): 653–667. doi:10.2307/1923209. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1923209. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  170. Bowman, Frank O. (2019). "3: American Impeachments Before 1787". High crimes and misdemeanors : a history of impeachment for the age of Trump. Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 9781108481052.
  171. Hoffer, Peter C.; Hull, N. E. H. (1979). "Power and Precedent in the Creation of an American Impeachment Tradition: The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Record". The William and Mary Quarterly. 36 (1): 51–77. doi:10.2307/1921980. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1921980. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  172. Fratcher, William F. (Winter 1988). "Independence of the Judiciary under the Constitution of 1787, The". Missouri Law Review. 53 (1). Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  173. Douglass, John E. (1993). "Impeaching the Impeachment: The Case of Chief Justice Nicholas Trott of South Carolina". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 94 (2): 102–116. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27569915. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  174. Huhn, Wilson (February 17, 2020). "The Framers' Views on Impeachment". www.jurist.org. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  175. "Founders Online: Editorial Note". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  176. "IMPEACHMENT OF STATE OFFICIALS". www.cga.ct.gov. ORL Research. February 9, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

Attribution

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.