Institute of Economic Affairs

The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) is a right-wing pressure group and think tank[1][2][3] registered as a UK charity[4] Associated with the New Right,[5][6] the IEA describes itself as an "educational research institute",[7] and says that it seeks to "further the dissemination of free-market thinking", and that it does so by "analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems."[7][8] The IEA subscribes to a neoliberal worldview and advocates positions based on this ideology.[9] It published climate change denial material between 1994 and 2007,[10] and has advocated total privatisation, in effect abolition, of the National Health Service (NHS), in favour of a healthcare system the IEA says is similar to Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Israel.[11][3] The IEA has received more than £70,000 from the tobacco industry[12][13] (although it does not reveal its funders),[14][15] and IEA officers have been recorded offering "cash for access". The IEA is headquartered in Westminster, London, England.[16][10]

Institute of Economic Affairs
AbbreviationIEA
Formation1955 (1955)
TypeFree market think tank
HeadquartersLondon, United Kingdom
Director General
Mark Littlewood
Fundingundisclosed, some funding from fossil fuel industry, gambling industry, and tobacco industry
Websiteiea.org.uk

Founded by businessman and battery farming pioneer Antony Fisher in 1955,[17] the IEA was one of the first modern think tanks,[18] and promoted Thatcherite right-wing ideology, and free market and monetarist economic policies.[19] The IEA has been criticised for operating in a manner closer to that of a lobbying operation than as a genuine think tank.[20] The IEA publishes an academic journal (Economic Affairs), a student magazine (EA), books and discussion papers, and holds regular lectures.[21]

History

In 1945, Antony Fisher read an article in Reader's Digest that was a summary of The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek.[22][18] Later that year, Fisher visited Hayek at the London School of Economics. Hayek dissuaded Fisher from embarking on a political and parliamentary career to try to prevent the spread of socialism and central planning.[22] Instead, Hayek suggested the establishment of a body which could engage in research and reach the intellectuals with reasoned argument.[22]

In June 1955, The Free Convertibility of Sterling by George Winder was published, with Fisher signing the foreword as Director of the IEA.[22] In November 1955, the IEA's Original Trust Deed was signed by Fisher, John Harding and Oliver Smedley. Ralph Harris (later Lord Harris) began work as part-time General Director in January 1957.[22] He was joined in 1958 by Arthur Seldon who was initially appointed Editorial Advisor and became the Editorial Director in 1959.[22] Smedley wrote to Fisher that it was

"imperative that we should give no indication in our literature that we are working to educate the public along certain lines which might be interpreted as having a political bias. … That is why the first draft [of the IEA's aims] is written in rather cagey terms".[18]

The Social Affairs Unit was established in December 1980 as an offshoot of the Institute of Economic Affairs to carry the IEA's economic ideas onto the battleground of sociology.[23] "Within a few years the Social Affairs Unit became independent from the IEA, acquiring its own premises."[23] In 1986 the IEA created a Health and Welfare Unit to focus on these aspects of social policy.[22][23] Discussing the IEA's increasing influence under the Conservative government in the 1980s in relation to the "advent of Thatcherism" and the privatisation of public services, Dieter Plehwe, a Research Fellow at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center, has written that

The arguably most influential think tank in British history... benefited from the close alignment of IEA's neoliberal agenda with corporate interests and the priorities of the Thatcher government.[24]

In 2007, British journalist Andrew Marr called the IEA "undoubtedly the most influential think tank in modern British history".[25] Damien Cahill, a Professor of Political Economy at the University of Sydney, has characterised the IEA as, "Britain's oldest and leading neoliberal think tank".[9]

In October 2009, the IEA appointed Mark Littlewood as its Director General with effect from 1 December 2009.[26]

In September 2022, an associated think tank, the Free Market Forum was founded.[27]

Purpose and aims

The IEA's director Mark Littlewood said "We want to totally reframe the debate about the proper role of the state and civil society in our country … Our true mission is to change the climate of opinion."[28]

The IEA has written policy papers arguing against government funding for pressure groups and charities involved in political campaigning.[29] This does not violate rules governing funding as the IEA does not receive government funding.[30] As a registered charity, the IEA must abide by Charity Commission rules, that state that "an organisation will not be charitable if its purposes are political". In July 2018 the Charity Commission announced that it was to investigate whether the IEA had broken its rules.[28]

The conclusion of the investigation found that one of the IEA's report on Brexit was too political; the regulator told the IEA to remove the report from its website in early November 2018, and issued an official warning in February 2019, requiring trustees to provide written assurances that the IEA would not engage in campaigning or political activity contravening legal or regulatory requirements.[31] The IEA removed the report on 19 November and said it complied with the Commission's other guidance by 23 November. IEA trustees were also required to set up a system whereby research reports and launch plans are signed off by trustees.[32]

Following the IEA's compliance, the Charity Commission withdrew the official warning in June 2019. A compliance case into the IEA remained open, examining concerns about the trustees' management and oversight of the charity's activities.[32]

According to George Monbiot, the IEA supports privatising the National Health Service (NHS); campaigns against controls on junk food; attacks trades unions; and defends zero-hour contracts, unpaid internships and tax havens.[28] IEA staff are frequently invited by the BBC and other news media to appear on broadcasts.[33][34][35]

In October 2019, The Guardian said that the IEA published, between 1994 and 2007, "at least four books, as well as multiple articles and papers, ... suggesting manmade climate change may be uncertain or exaggerated [and that] climate change is either not significantly driven by human activity or will be positive".[10]

Concerns about political independence; investigation

The Observer reported on 29 July 2018 that the director of the IEA was secretly recorded in May and June telling an undercover reporter that funders could get to know ministers on first-name terms and that his organisation was in "the Brexit influencing game". While seeking funding, Littlewood said that the IEA allowed donors to affect the "salience" of reports and to shape "substantial content". The recording was to be given to the Charity Commission on 30 July.[36]

The Charity Commission, considering that the allegations raised by the recordings were "of a serious nature", on 20 July 2018 opened a regulatory compliance case into the IEA due to concerns about its political independence, after it became known that it offered potential US donors access to ministers while raising funds for research to promote free-trade deals favoured by proponents of a "hard Brexit". The Commission has powers to examine IEA financial records, legally compel it to provide information, and to disqualify trustees. The IEA denies it has breached charity law.[37]

It was also revealed that, after the IEA published a report recommending more casinos, the casino industry donated £8,000 to the IEA.[37]

Jon Trickett, the shadow Cabinet Office minister, welcoming the investigation into the IEA, said "on the road to Brexit, a small group of establishment figures, funded to the tune of millions, are covertly pursuing a political campaign in favour of extreme free trade, acting in effect as lobbyists for secretive corporate interests...there are serious questions that high-ranking Conservative ministers must now answer about their dealings with the IEA."[38]

It was also revealed that Jersey Finance, representing financial interests in Jersey, paid for an IEA report saying that tax havens (such as Jersey) benefited the wider economy, and did not diminish tax revenues in other countries. The report recommended that their status be protected. The IEA did not disclose the funding from Jersey Finance. A similar IEA report about neighbouring Guernsey was funded by the financial services industry there. Following this, the IEA said that funding they received never influenced the conclusions of reports, and that their output was independent and free from conflict of interest.[39]

Separately, the register of lobbyists concluded in 2019 that the IEA had not participated in consultant lobbying for E Foundation.[40]

Freer launch

In March 2018[41] Freer was founded in order to promote a positive message of liberal, supply-side Conservative renewal.[42][43] Freer held two meetings at the 2018 Conservative conference (with none in any other political parties' conferences)[44] and is an offshoot of the IEA, remaining entirely within its structural and organisational control.[45]

Cabinet ministers and MPs (including Michael Gove and Liz Truss) spoke at the organisation's launch. Truss called for a neoliberal "Tory revolution" spearheaded by "Uber-riding, Airbnb-ing, Deliveroo-eating freedom-fighters",[43] comments which were criticised by the Morning Star for failing to take into consideration the quality of employment within the companies mentioned.[45] Conservative blogger Paul Staines said that the launch "piqued the interest of senior ministers including Michael Gove, Dom Raab and Brexit brain Shanker Singham".[45] The organisation has 24 parliamentary supporters – including prominent figures such as Truss, Chris Skidmore, Priti Patel, Ben Bradley and Kemi Badenoch – all of whom are Conservative MPs. Freer also holds events and publishes pamphlets for Conservative MPs, and has been referred to the Charity Commission by Private Eye for political bias.[44]

Funding

The IEA is a registered educational and research charity.[46] The organisation states that it is funded by "voluntary donations from individuals, companies and foundations who want to support its work, plus income from book sales and conferences"[47] and says that it is "independent of any political party or group".[47] The Charity Commission listed total income of £2.34 million and expenditure of £2.33 million for the financial year ending 31 March 2021.[46]

The IEA does not disclose their sources of funding, and has been criticised by health charities and by George Monbiot in The Guardian[28] for receiving funds from major tobacco companies whilst campaigning on tobacco industry issues.[48] British American Tobacco (BAT) confirmed it had donated £40,000 to the IEA in 2013,[12] £20,000 in 2012 and £10,000 in 2011, and Philip Morris International and Japan Tobacco International also confirmed they provide financial support to the IEA.[13] In 2002, a leaked letter revealed that prominent IEA member, the right-wing writer Roger Scruton, had authored an IEA pamphlet attacking the World Health Organisation's campaign on tobacco, whilst failing to disclose that he – Scruton – was receiving £54,000 a year from Japan Tobacco International.[49][50] In response, the IEA said it would introduce an author declaration policy.[50] The IEA also says that it "accepts no tied funding".[51]

An organisation called 'American Friends of the IEA' had received US$215,000 as of 2010 from the U.S.-based Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, donor-advised funds which support right-wing causes.[52]

Think tank Transparify, which is funded by the Open Society Foundations, in 2015 ranked the IEA as one of the top three least transparent think tanks in the UK in relation to funding.[53][54] The IEA responded by saying "it is a matter for individual donors whether they wish their donation to be public or private – we leave that entirely to their discretion", and that it has not "earmarked money for commissioned research work from any company".[53]

Funding to the IEA from the alcohol industry, food industry, and sugar industry has also been documented.[55] IEA Research Fellow Christopher Snowdon disclosed alcohol industry funding in a response to a British Medical Journal article in 2014.[55]

In October 2018, an investigation by Greenpeace found that the IEA was also receiving funding from the oil giant BP, which was "[using] this access to press ministers on issues ranging from environmental and safety standards to British tax rates."[56] In May 2019, the British Medical Journal revealed that British American Tobacco was continuing to fund the IEA.[57][58]

In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? rated the Institute as E, the lowest transparency rating (rating goes from A to E).[59]

Reception

In or about 2019, on national radio station LBC, James O'Brien said that the IEA is a politically motivated lobbying organisation funded by "dark money", of "questionable provenance, with dubious ideas and validity", staffed by people who are not proper experts on their topic. The IEA complained to UK media regulator Ofcom that those remarks were inaccurate and unfair. In August 2021, Ofcom rejected the complaint.[60]

Publications

Arthur Seldon proposed a series of Papers for economists to explore the neoliberal approach to the issues of the day.[22] Eventually these emerged as the Hobart Papers; 154 had been published by August 2006. In addition, 32 Hobart Paperbacks had been released along with 139 Occasional Papers, 61 Readings and 61 Research Monographs.[22] A large number of other titles has been published in association with trade and university presses.[22]

The Journal of Economic Affairs was first published in October 1980 and continues to be published to the present day. IEA publications are sold throughout the world – reprinted and translated into over twenty-five languages. In the UK, many IEA titles have become mandatory in university and classroom reading lists.[47]

IEA papers are arranged in a series of titles, each with its own 'brand image'. The main series of publications is complemented by the IEA's quarterly journal Economic Affairs.

In September 2008, the institute started the IEA blog.

Research

According to the IEA, although not an academic body, the institute's research activities are aided by an international Academic Advisory Council and a panel of Honorary Fellows. They say that their papers are subjected to the same refereeing process used by academic journals,[51] and that the views expressed in IEA papers are those of the authors and not of the IEA, its trustees, directors or advisers.

The IEA has also published research in areas including business ethics, economic development, education, pensions, regulation, taxation and transport.

Books and papers
  • The Road to Serfdom, F. A. Hayek (1945) PDF The condensed version of as it appeared in the April 1945 edition of Reader's Digest ISBN 0 255 36530 6
  • WHO, What and Why? Transnational Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organization Roger Scruton (2000) ISBN 0 255 36487 3[61]
  • The World Turned Rightside Up A New Trading Agenda for the Age of Globalisation, John C. Hulsman ISBN 0 255 36495 4
  • The Representation of Business in English Literature, Introduced and edited by Arthur Pollard Readings 53; ISBN 0 255 36491 1
  • Anti-Liberalism 2000 The Rise of New Millennium Collectivism, David Henderson ISBN 0 255 36497 0
  • Capitalism, Morality and Markets, Brian Griffiths, Robert A. Sirico, Norman Barry & Frank Field Readings 54; ISBN 0 255 36496 2
  • A Conversation with Harris and Seldon, Ralph Harris & Arthur Seldon Occasional Paper 116; ISBN 0 255 36498 9
  • Malaria and the DDT Story, Richard Tren & Roger Bate Occasional Paper 117; ISBN 0 255 36499 7
  • A Plea to Economists Who Favour Liberty: Assist the Everyman, Daniel B. Klein Occasional Paper 118; ISBN 0 255 36501 2
  • Waging the War of Ideas, John Blundell Occasional Paper 119; ISBN 0 255 36500 4
  • A Tribute to Peter Bauer, John Blundell et al. Occasional Paper 128; ISBN 0 255 36531 4
  • Employment Tribunals Their Growth and the Case for Radical Reform, J. R. Shackleton Hobart Paper 145; ISBN 0 255 36515 2
  • Fifty Economic Fallacies Exposed, Geoffrey E. Wood Occasional Paper 129; ISBN 0 255 36518 7
  • A Market in Airport Slots, Keith Boyfield (editor), David Starkie, Tom Bass & Barry Humphreys Readings 56; ISBN 0 255 36505 5
  • Money, Inflation and the Constitutional Position of the Central Bank, Milton Friedman & Charles A. E. Goodhart Readings 57; ISBN 0 255 36538 1
  • Railway.com Parallels between the early British railways and the ICT revolution, Robert C. B. Miller Research Monograph 57; ISBN 0 255 36534 9
  • The Regulation of Financial Markets, Edited by Philip Booth & David Currie Readings 58; ISBN 0 255 36551 9
  • Bastiat’s The Law, Introduction by Norman Barry Occasional Paper 123; ISBN 0 255 36509 8
  • A Globalist Manifesto for Public Policy, Charles Calomiris Occasional Paper 124; ISBN 0 255 36525 X
  • Euthanasia for Death Duties Putting Inheritance Tax Out of Its Misery, Barry Bracewell-Milnes ISBN 0 255 36513 6
  • Climate Alarmism Reconsidered, Robert L. Bradley jr (2003) ISBN 0255365411[62]
  • The Road to Economic Freedom', Philip Booth and John Meadowcroft, (2009) collection of IEA papers written by Nobel Laureates, foreword by Margaret Thatcher.[63]

Notable people

Honorary Fellows

Personnel and Fellows

As of 2021 the IEA had 19 employees and 11 trustees; six employees received total benefits of more than £60,000 per year, with maximum benefits of over £200,000.[4]

Directors-General

See also

References
  1. Pegg, David; Lawrence, Felicity; Evans, Rob (5 February 2019). "Rightwing thinktank breached charity law by campaigning for hard Brexit". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  2. Cowburn, Ashley; Baynes, Chris (5 February 2019). "Right-wing think tank Institute of Economic Affairs issued with formal warning after Brexit report 'breached charity law'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. The [Charity Commission]'s warning said the IEA 'was not sufficiently balanced and neutral, as required by law from charities with educational purposes', and also criticised the free-market think thank for only inviting speakers 'who held a particular set of views'
  3. Courea, Eleni (10 February 2021). "Matt Hancock took cash from chairman of 'anti-NHS' Institute of Economic Affairs". The Times.
  4. The Institute of Economic Affairs Ltd (Report). Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  5. Denham, Andrew (1996). Think-Tanks of the New Right. Aldershot/Brookfield: Dartmouth. pp. 1–7 et passim. ISBN 9781855218680.
  6. Stone, Diane (1997). Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process (First ed.). London: Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 9780714647166. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  7. "About Us". Institute of Economic Affairs. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  8. "What We Do". Institute of Economic Affairs. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  9. The End of Laissez-Faire?: On the Durability of Embedded Neoliberalism Damien Cahill, Edward Elgar Pub, 2014, p. 12
  10. Pegg, David; Evans, Rob (10 October 2019). "Revealed: top UK thinktank spent decades undermining climate science". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  11. Kristian Niemietz (14 December 2016). "Universal healthcare without the NHS". Institute of Economic Affairs.
  12. "British American Tobacco's response to ASH" (PDF). June 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  13. Doward, Jamie (1 June 2013). "Health groups dismayed by news 'big tobacco' funded rightwing thinktanks". The Guardian.
  14. Siddique, Haroon (9 February 2021). "Thinktank critical of NHS Covid response has links to Hancock". The Guardian.
  15. Matthews-King, Alex (12 July 2018). "Anti-NHS think-tank with links to new health secretary under investigation by charity commission". The Independent.
  16. "Desmog Institute of Economic Affairs".
  17. Ahmed, Nafeez (10 October 2022). "'The Dark Heart of Trussonomics: The Mainstreaming of Libertarian Theories of Social Darwinism and Apartheid'". Byline Times. Retrieved 12 October 2022. A year later, the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) – founded in 1955, originally based in Westminster's Tufton Street, a driving force of Thatcherism
  18. Curtis, Adam (13 September 2011). "The Curse of Tina". BBC. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  19. Hafer, R.W. (April 1992). "Monetarist Economics [Review]". Southern Economic Journal. Wiley-Blackwell. 58 (4): 1131. doi:10.2307/1060253. JSTOR 1060253.
  20. Cadwalladr, Carole (11 November 2018). "TaxPayers' Alliance concedes it launched smears against Brexit whistleblower". The Observer.
  21. "What we do". IEA. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  22. "IEA: Chronology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  23. Muller, Christopher (1996). "The Institute of Economic Affairs: Undermining the Post-War Consensus". Contemporary British History. 10 (1): 88–110 [p. 102]. doi:10.1080/13619469608581370.
  24. Academic Identities – Academic Challenges? American and European Experience of the Transformation of Higher Education and Research, Dieter Plehwe, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011, pp. 172–3
  25. "New Britannia". Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain. Episode 5. BBC One. 19 June 2007.
  26. Robert Walmsley, Interview: Mark Littlewood, Cherwell, 26 January 2014
  27. "Revealed: rightwing 'slash and burn' ideas that could be blueprint for Truss". the Guardian. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  28. Monbiot, George (18 July 2018). "Dark money lurks at the heart of our political crisis". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  29. Snowden, Christopher. "Sock Puppets: How the government lobbies itself and why". IEA Discussion Paper 39. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  30. "Who funds you? FAQ" (PDF). IEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  31. Ricketts, Andy (5 February 2019). "Regulator issues warning to Institute of Economic Affairs over Brexit report". ThirdSector.
  32. Weakley, Kirsty (28 June 2019). "Official warning to Institute of Economic Affairs is withdrawn by Charity Commission". CIVILSOCIETY news.
  33. Funnell, Joshua (4 November 2018). "A thinktank is finally challenged over its funding on Question Time. But why was it ever given a platform? - The Canary". The Canary. Question Time's David Dimbleby finally asked the IEA's associate director, Kate Andrews, about its funding...why are IEA representatives invited on the BBC in the first place?
  34. Waterson, Jim (9 August 2021). "LBC's James O'Brien wins Ofcom battle with Institute of Economic Affairs". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2021. [Ofcom] also noted that O'Brien had indeed invited the [IEA] on air
  35. Booth, Robert (30 July 2018). "Rightwing UK thinktank 'offered ministerial access' to potential US donors". The Guardian. [The IEA's] Littlewood told BBC Radio 4 Today's programme ...
  36. Robert Booth (29 July 2018). "Rightwing UK thinktank 'offered ministerial access' to potential US donors". The Observer.
  37. Robert Booth; Rajeev Syal (30 July 2018). "Thinktank faces double investigation after 'cash for access' claims". The Guardian.
  38. Jon Trickett (31 July 2018). "This thinktank scandal is another sign that our democracy is under attack". The Guardian.
  39. Robert Booth and David Pegg (31 July 2018). "Jersey Finance paid for IEA report rubbishing 'hotbeds of tax evasion' claims". The Guardian.
  40. "Investigation case summary – Institute of Economic Affairs activities for E Foundation". registrarofconsultantlobbyists. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  41. Steerpike (20 March 2018). "Liz Truss speaks freely: we need to be Tories with attitude". Coffee House. The Spectator. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  42. Steerpike (29 May 2018). "Tory think tank wars: Bright Blue have the last laugh". Coffee House. The Spectator. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  43. Bennett, Owen (24 May 2018). "Meet The New Conservative Think-Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  44. "Stink tanks". Private Eye. No. 1490. February–March 2019.
  45. Hughes, Solomon (5 April 2018). "Making the IEA 'Freer' to espouse Tory ideology". Morning Star. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  46. "The Institute of Economic Affairs Limited, registered charity no. 235351". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  47. "about the IEA". Institute of Economic Affairs. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  48. George Monbiot (15 July 2013). "Cigarette packaging: the corporate smokescreen". The Guardian.
  49. Kevin Maguire; Julian Borger (24 January 2002). "Scruton in media plot to promote smoking". The Guardian.
  50. Zosia Kmietowicz; Annabel Ferriman (2 February 2002). "Pro-tobacco writer admits he should have declared an interest". British Medical Journal. 324 (7332): 257. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7332.257. PMC 65291. PMID 11823350.
  51. "Peer Review Protocol". IEA. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  52. George Monbiot (18 February 2013). "The educational charities that do PR for the rightwing ultra-rich". The Guardian.
  53. Neville, Sarah. "British think-tanks 'less transparent about sources of funding'". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  54. "How Transparent are Think Tanks about Who Funds Them 2015?" (PDF). Transparify. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  55. Miller, David; Harkins, Claire; Schlögl, Matthias; Montague, Brendan (2017). Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours: The web of influence of addictive industries. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–108. ISBN 9780198753261.
  56. Carter, Lawrence; Ross, Alice (30 July 2018). "BP and gambling interests fund secretive free market think tank the IEA". Unearthed. Greenpeace. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  57. Gornall, Jonathan (15 May 2019). "Big tobacco, the new politics, and the threat to public health". British Medical Journal. 365: l2164. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2164. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 31092403.
  58. Matthews-King, Alex (16 May 2019). "Big tobacco secretly bankrolling anti-NHS think tank whose bosses donate thousands to Tory leadership contenders, investigation reveals". The Independent. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  59. "Who Funds You? Institute for Economic Affairs".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. Waterson, Jim (9 August 2021). "LBC's James O'Brien wins Ofcom battle with Institute of Economic Affairs". The Guardian.
  61. Scruton, Roger. "WHO, WHAT and WHY? Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation". IEA. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  62. "Climate Alarmism Reconsidered" (PDF). IEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  63. "The Road to Economic Freedom". IEA. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

Further reading
  • Bosanquet, Nick (1983). Economics: After the New Right. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff. pp. 79–87. ISBN 0-89838-135-5.
  • Cockett, Richard (1995). Thinking the unthinkable: think-tanks and the economic counter-revolution, 1931–1983. Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-637586-3.
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