Ja'far al-Askari

Ja’far Pasha al-Askari was born on September 15, 1885, in Kirkuk, when it was still part of the Ottoman Empire. The fourth of five brothers and one sister, al-Askari's family was of Kurdish origin.[1] His father, Mustafa Abdul Rahman Al-Mudarris, was a colonel in the Ottoman Army. Al-Askari attended the Military College in Baghdad before transferring to the Military College in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, where he graduated in 1904 as a second lieutenant. He was then sent to the Sixth Army stationed in Baghdad. Al-Askari then was sent to Berlin, Germany from 1910 to 1912 to train and study as part of an Ottoman initiative to reform the army through the selection of officers via competition. Al-Askari stayed in this program until ordered back to the Ottoman Empire to fight in the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan States.[2]

After the war with the Balkan states ended in 1913, al-Askari was made an instructor at the Officer Training College in Aleppo, but eight months later passed qualifications for the Staff Officers’ College in Constantinople.[3]

When World War I broke out, al-Askari first fought on the side of the Ottomans and the Triple Alliance in Libya. His campaign started in Dardanelles, after which he received the German Iron Cross and was promoted to general. After his promotion, he was sent to command the Senoussi Army in Libya. At the Battle of Agagia al-Askari was captured by the British led forces and incarcerated in a citadel in Cairo with his friend and later brother-in-law Nuri al-Said. Al-Askari made one escape attempt by fashioning a rope out of blankets to scale the citadel walls. During this attempt, the blanket broke and al-Askari fell, breaking his ankle and leading to his being captured by the guards. According to his obituary, al-Askari offered to pay for the blanket as he was on friendly terms with his captors.[4]

Al-Askari in Jordan, 2 March 1918

Sometime after his escape attempt (either while recovering or on parole), al-Askari learned about the nationalist Arab Revolt against the Ottomans led by the Hashemite leader of the Hijaz, Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca. This revolt had been sponsored by the British forces and the Triple Entente so as to open up an extra front inside the Ottoman Empire in order to bleed them from internal rebellion. In exchange, the British had promised to create an Arab country led by Husayn. This promise is embodied in the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence. Upon reading about the Arab Revolt and due to an increasingly hostile Ottoman approach to Arab affairs (his friend Salim Al-Jazairi was executed along with other prominent Arabs for nationalist activities by another Ottoman general, Jamal Pasha), al-Askari decided that this was precisely in line with beliefs he had and decided to switch sides from the Ottomans to the Hashemite Revolt forces along with his friend Nuri al-Said. At first, Sharif Husayn was hesitant to let al-Askari, a former general in the Ottoman army, join his forces, but eventually relented and al-Askari was invited by Husayn's son, Amir Faisal, to join in the fight against the Ottoman Empire. Al-Askari fought under Amir Faisal throughout this period up until the fall of the Ottoman Empire, including Faisal's assault on Damascus in 1918.[5]

After World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, another of Husayn's sons, Amir Zaid, on behalf of Amir Faisal, asked al-Askari to be the Inspector General of the Army of the newly established Arab state of Syria, which he accepted. Shortly thereafter, al-Askari was appointed the military Governor of the Aleppo Vilayet in Syria. During his time as governor in Syria, al-Askari listened to many Iraqis about the status of their homeland and British rule. Al-Askari advocated the idea that Iraqis could take charge of Iraq themselves and would do better than the British officials currently controlling the territory. Al-Askari was in favor of a Hashemite ruler with ties to Britain taking over Iraq; he joined his friend Nuri al-Sa’id in being part of the faction of the al-‘Ahd al-‘Iraqi group that was in favor of British ties.[6]

In 1921 the British decided that it would be prudent to set up an Arab government in Iraq and chose Faisal ibn Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi, the son of Sharif Hussein, to be King. Faisal had never even been to Iraq and so chose certain commanders from the area to fulfill his various posts, including al-Askari, who was appointed minister of defense. During this period, al-Askari arranged the return of 600 Ottoman soldiers who were originally from Iraq to form the Officer Corps of the new Iraqi army. His brother-in-law Nuri al-Sa’id became Chief of the General Staff of the army in February 1921.[7]

In November 1923, King Faisal appointed al-Askari to be the prime minister of Iraq. Faisal wanted a strong supporter of the king to be prime minister during this key time when the Constituent Assembly opened in March 1924. The dominant issue during this assembly was the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty the British were pushing to help legitimize their League of Nations-appointed Mandate of Iraq. Many Iraqis were opposed to the treaty and it did not look like it would pass. But then High Commissioner Percy Cox threatened to fulfill the British Mandate differently unless it was passed. After the passing of the treaty in the Constituent Assembly, al-Askari resigned as prime minister as he did not enjoy the job and felt he had accomplished what he needed to.[8]

In November 1926, Faisal again appointed Ja’far al-Askari (who at the time was acting as Iraqi minister in London) prime minister of Iraq. Two main issues dominated his term in office: conscription and Shi’i discontent. Conscription was a controversial issue with one side believing that they needed it to encourage a strong Iraq by creating a strong army and the Sharifians (former Ottoman soldiers who had fought in the Arab revolt) seeing it as a holy duty; those in power also saw it as a way to create national unity and an Iraqi identity. On the other side, Shi’is found it repugnant and the various tribes who wished to be autonomous found it threatening. The British were not in favor of conscription as they thought it could lead to issues in Iraq that they would then have to intervene in and they also wanted to keep the country weaker to enable them have a better control of the country. Further complicating al-Askari's term was the growing Shi’i discontent in Iraq with massive protests occurring across the country in response to a book written by a Sunni official criticizing the Shi’i majority as well as the promotion of the commanding officer of an army unit that opened fire on Shiite demonstrators during a rally. Also at this time, the British wanted a new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty signed. Among the numerous powers the British retained, the treaty said they would support Iraq's entry into the League of Nations in 1932 (not 1928 as previously promised) as long as it kept itself progressing in a manner consistent with British supervision. Al-Askari resigned as prime minister in December 1927 as a result of the cool reception the draft treaty received among the Iraqi people and the growing discontent in the Shi’i majority.[9]

In addition to his time as prime minister, al-Askari also served as minister for foreign affairs, diplomatic minister in London multiple times, and minister of defense four other times.[10] He was elected as the president of the Chamber of Deputies in November 1930 and in November 1931.[11][12]

During the 1936 military coup led by Bakr Sidqi against the government of Yasin al-Hashimi, al-Askari, who was serving as minister of defense, was sent to talk to Bakr Sidqi in an attempt to stop the violence and inform Sidqi of the new change in government, that of Hashimi resigning and Hikmat Sulayman (who Sidqi supported) being made prime minister. Sidqi was suspicious of this move and ordered his men to intercept and murder al-Askari. His body was hastily buried along the roadside as Sidqi's supporters triumphantly invaded Baghdad, effectively finalizing Sidqi's power over the government.[13]

Al-Askari's assassination proved to be detrimental to Sidqi. Many of Sidqi's supporters in the army no longer supported the coup as they had been brought in and trained under al-Askari and he was well-loved. His death helped to undermine the legitimacy of Sidqi's government. The British, the Iraqis, and many of Sidqi's supporters were horrified by the act. The new government only lasted 10 months before Sidqi was assassinated through a plot by the officers' corps of the Iraqi army. After his assassination, the government he created fell apart and Sulayman stepped down as prime minister. Ja’far al-Asakari's brother-in-law was not content with just seeing Sidqi die and sought revenge against those he found responsible for al-Askari's death. He claimed Sulayman and others were plotting to assassinate King Ghazi. The evidence was speculative and in all likelihood false, yet they were found guilty and sentenced to death (but their terms were commuted to life).[14]