List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The following is the list of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy for the duration of its existence, 1868-1945.[1] This list also includes ships before the official founding of the Navy and some auxiliary ships used by the Army. For a list of ships of its successor, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, see List of active Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ships and List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Early warships

Early modern warships

Western-style sail warships

Steam warships

Corvettes and gunboats

Battleships

Pre-dreadnoughts

Ship or class Displacement Main
battery
Secondary
battery
Torpedo
tubes
Complement Speed Ships in class
Ship Keel
laid
Commissioned Fate
Kōtetsu, ex-CSS Stonewall; renamed Azuma, Dec 1871 1,390 tons 1 × 10-in. 2 × 6.4-in. 135 10.5 kn 1863 Feb 1869 Sold for scrap, Dec 1889
Fusō 3,717 tons 4 × 9.4-in. 2 × 6.7-in. 295 13 kn Sep 1875(?) Jan 1878 Sold for scrap, 1909
Chin'en
(Prize of First Sino-Japanese War)
7,220 tons 4 × 12-in. 2 × 5.9-in. 3 × 14-in. 350 15.4 kn Mar 1882 Mar 1895 Scrapped, 1912
Fuji class 12,230 tons 4 × 12-in. 10 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 650 18.25 kn Fuji Aug 1894 Aug 1897 Scrapped, 1948
Yashima Dec 1894 Sep 1897 Naval mines, May 1904
Shikishima class 14,850 tons 4 × 12-in. 14 × 6-in. 4 × 18-in. 741 18 kn Shikishima Mar 1897 Jan 1900 Scrapped, 1948
Hatsuse Jan 1898 Jan 1901 Naval mine, May 1904
Asahi 15,200 tons 4 × 12-in. 14 × 6-in. 4 × 18-in. 773 18 kn Aug 1898 Apr 1900 sunk by USS Salmon (SS-182) May 1942
Mikasa 15,140 tons 4 × 12-in. 14 × 6-in. 4 × 18-in. 836 18 kn Jan 1899 Mar 1902 Preserved as museum ship

Battleships

Ship Displacement Main
battery
Secondary
battery
Torpedo
tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Keel Laid Commissioned
into IJN
Fate
Iki (ex-Russian Imperator Nikolai I) 9,594 tons 2 × 12-in. 6 × 6-in. 6 × 18-in. 616 14 kn Aug 1886 Jun 1905 Target,
Oct 1915
Tango (ex-Russian Poltava) 11,500 tons 4 × 12-in. 4 × 9-in. 2 × 18-in.
4 × 15-in.
631 16 kn May 1892 Aug 1905 Returned to Russia,
1916
Sagami (ex-Russian Peresvet) 13,810 tons 4 × 10-in. 10 × 6-in. 2 × 18-in. 771 18 kn Nov 1895 Jul 1908 Sold back to Russia,
Mar 1916
Suwo (ex-Russian Pobeda) 13,320 tons 4 × 10-in. 10 × 6-in. 2 × 18-in. 771 18 kn Feb 1899 Oct 1908 Probably scrapped,
1922-1923
Hizen (ex-Russian Retvizan) 12,780 tons 4 × 12-in. 12 × 6-in. 6 × 15-in. 750 18 kn Jul 1899 Jan 1905 Sunk as target,
Jul 1924
Iwami (ex-Russian Oryol) 14,151 tons 4 × 12-in. 12 × 6-in. 4 × 15-in. 854 18 kn Jun 1900 Jun 1907 Sunk as target,
Jul 1924

Coastal defense ships

Ship Displacement Main
battery
Secondary
battery
Torpedo
tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Keel laid Commissioned
into IJN
Fate
Mishima (ex-Russian Admiral Seniavin) 4,165 tons 4 × 10-in. 6 × 6-in. removed 406 16 kn Aug 1892 Jun 1905 Sunk as target,
May 1936
Okinoshima (ex-Russian General Admiral Graf Apraksin) 4,165 tons 3 × 10-in. 6 × 6-in. removed 406 15 kn Oct 1894 Jun 1905 Scrapped,
1939

Transitional Dreadnoughts

Class Displacement Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
Fate
Katori class 15,950 tons 4 × 12-in.
4 × 10-in.
12 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 864 18 kn Katori Apr 1904 May 1906 Scrapped, 1925
Kashima Feb 1904 May 1906 Scrapped, 1924
Satsuma class 19,372 tons 4 × 12-in.
12 × 10-in.
8 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 940 20 kn Satsuma May 1905 Mar 1910 Sunk as target, 1924
Aki Mar 1906 Mar 191 Sunk as target, 1924
Kawachi class 20,823 tons 12 × 12-in. 10 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 1,100 21 kn Kawachi Apr 1909 Mar 1912 Internal explosion, 1918
Settsu Jan 1909 Jul 1912 Scrapped, 1947

Battleship prizes of World War I

Source Displacement Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Keel Laid Ceded
to Japan
Fate
ex-German Nassau 18,873 tons 12 × 11-in. 12 × 6-in. 6 × 17.7-in. 1,008 20 kn Jul 1907 Apr 1920 Scrapped, 1920
ex-German Oldenburg 22,808 tons 12 × 12-in. 14 × 5.9-in. 6 × 21-in. 1,069 20.8 kn Mar 1909 Apr 1920 Scrapped, 1921

Battlecruisers

Class Displace-
ment
Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
Fate
Tsukuba class 13,750 tons 4 × 12-in. 12 × 6-in. 3 820 20.5 kn Tsukuba Jan 1905 Jan 1907 Explosion, Jan 1917
Ikoma Mar 1905 Mar 1908 Scrapped, 1923
Ibuki class 14,636 tons 4 × 12-in. 8 × 8-in. 3 × 17.7-in. 817 21.25 kn Ibuki May 1907 Nov 1907 Scrapped, 1923
Kurama Aug 1905 Feb 1911 Scrapped, 1923
Kongō class 31,720 tons
exc.
Kirishima 31,980
8 × 14-in. 16 × 6-in. 8 × 21-in. 1,437 30.5 kn Kongō Jan 1911 Aug 1913 Converted to fast battleship, 1935
Haruna Mar 1912 Apr 1915 Converted to fast battleship, 1933
Hiei Nov 1911 Apr 1915 Converted to training ship, 1937;
fast battleship, 1941
Kirishima Mar 1912 Apr 1915 Converted to fast battleship, 1941
Amagi class 40,000 tons Amagi Cancelled, 1922
Akagi Dec 1920 Mar 1927 Completed as aircraft carrier
Atago Cancelled, 1922
Takao Cancelled, 1922
Tosa class 38,500 tons 10 × 16-in. 20 × 5.5-in. 8 × 24-in. 26.5 kn Tosa Feb 1920 Cancelled, 1922; scuttled 1925
Kaga Jul 1920 Mar 1928 Completed as aircraft carrier
Type B-65 32,000 tons 9 × 12.2-in. 16 × 3.9-in. 33 kn Hull 795 Cancelled, 1942
Hull 796 Cancelled, 1942

Old battleships

Class Displacement Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel laid Commis-
sioned
War loss Postwar
Kongō class 31,720 tons
exc. Kirishima 31,980
8 × 14-in. 14 × 6-in. 1,437 30.5 kn Kongō Jan 1911 Aug 1913 sunk by USS Sealion (SS-315) Nov 1944
Haruna Mar 1912 Apr 1915 Hit in Bombing of Kure July 1945 Scrapped 1946
Hiei Nov 1911 Apr 1915 Sunk at Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov 1942
Kirishima Mar 1912 Apr 1915 Sunk at Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov 1942
Fusō class 34,700 tons 12 × 14-in. 16 × 5.5-in. 1,376 25 kn Fusō Mar 1912 Nov 1915 Sunk at Battle of Surigao Strait Oct 1944
Yamashiro Nov 1913 Mar 1917 Sunk at Battle of Surigao Strait Oct 1944
Ise class 42,001 tons 12 × 14-in. 16 × 5.5-in. 1,376 25 kn Ise May 1915 Nov 1915 Sunk by Air attack on Kure Jul 1945
Hyūga May 1915 Apr 1918 Sunk by Air attack on Kure Jul 1945 Scrapped, 1947
Nagato class 39,130 tons 8 × 16-in. 18 × 5.5-in. 1,368 25 kn Nagato Aug 1917 Nov 1920 Used at target in Operation Crossroads atomic bomb test, 1946
Mutsu Jun 1918 Oct 1921 Internal explosion, Jun 1943
Tosa class 38,500 tons 10 × 16-in. 20 × 5.5-in. 26.5 kn Tosa Feb 1920 Cancelled, 1922; hull used for tests and scuttled 1925
Kaga Jul 1920 Mar 1928 Completed as aircraft carrier

‡ Before conversion to hybrid aircraft carriers

Super battleships

Class Displacement Main Battery Secondary Battery Complement Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commissioned War Loss
Yamato class 64,170 tons 9 × 18-in. 12 × 6.1-in. 2,500 27.5 kn Yamato Nov 1937 Dec 1941 Sunk by air attack during Operation Ten-Go Apr 1945]]
Musashi Mar 1938 Aug 1942 Sunk at Battle of the Sibuyan Sea Oct 1944
Shinano May 1940 completed as
aircraft carrier
sunk by submarine attack 29 November 1944
Hull 111 scrapped
Kai Yamato class Hull 797 cancelled
Design A-150 battleship 70,000 tons 6 × 20.1-in. "Many" × 3.9-in. Hull 798 cancelled
Hull 799 cancelled

Seaplane tenders

Aircraft carriers

Hōshō (1921)

Cruisers

Protected cruisers

Class or Ship Displace-
ment
Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Completed Fate
ex-Chinese prize of First Sino-Japanese War Jiyuan 2,300 tons 2 × 8.2-in. 1 × 5.9-in. 4 180 15 kn Saien Jan 1883 Mar 1895 Mine, Nov 1904
Chilean corvette Esmeralda sold to Japan 2,950 tons 2 × 10-in. 6 × 6-in. 296 18.3 kn Izumi Apr1881 1894 Scrapped
Naniwa class 3,727 tons 2 × 10.2-in. 6 × 5.9-in. 4 × 14-in. 325 18 kn Naniwa Mar 1884 Feb 1886 Sold for scrap, Jun 1913
Takachiho Apr 1884 Mar 1886 Torpedoed off Tsingtao, Oct 1914
Unebi 3,615 tons 4 × 9.4-in. 7 × 5.9-in. 4 × 14-in. 400 18 kn Unebi May 1884 Oct 1886 Lost at sea,
Dec 1886
Yaeyama 1,584 tons 3 × 4.7-in. 8 × 3-pdr. 2 × 18-in. 200 20.75 kn Yaeyama Jun 1887 Mar 1890 Scrapped,
Apr 1911
Chiyoda 2,439 tons 10 × 4.7-in. 14 × 3-pdr. 3 × 14-in. 350 19 kn Chiyoda Dec 1888 Jan 1891 Target,
Aug 1927
Chishima 741 tons 5 × 3-in. 6 × 1-pdr. 3 × 15-in. 90 19 kn Chishima Jan 1890 Apr 1892 Collision,
Nov 1892
Matsushima class 4,278 tons 1 × 12.6-in. 11-12 × 4.7-in. 4 × 14-in. 360 16.5 kn Itsukushima Jan 1888 Sep 1891 Scrapped,
1926
Matsushima Feb 1888 Apr 1892 Explosion,
Apr 1908
Hashidate Aug 1888 Jun 1894 Scrapped,
1927
Akitsushima 3,100 tons 4 × 6-in. 6 × 4.7-in. 4 × 14-in. 330 19 kn Akitsushima Mar 1890 Mar 1894 Scrapped,
1927
Yoshino 4,150 tons 4 × 6-in. 8 × 4.7-in. 5 × 14-in. 360 23 kn Yoshino Dec 1892 Sep 1893 Collision,
May 1904
Suma class 2,657 tons 2 × 6-in. 6 × 4.7-in. 2 × 15-in. 256 20 kn Suma Aug 1892 Dec 1896 Scrapped,
1928
Akashi Aug 1894 Mar 1899 Target,
Aug 1930
Takasago 4,160 tons 2 × 8-in. 10 × 4.7-in. 5 × 18-in. 425 23.5 kn Takasago Apr 1896 May 1898 Mined off Port Arthur,
Dec 1904
Kasagi class 4,979 tons 2 × 8-in. 10 × 4.7-in. 5 × 14-in. 405 22.5 kn Kasagi Feb 1897 Oct 1898 Ran aground Tsugaru Strait, Jul 1916
Chitose Jan 1898 Mar 1899 Target, Jul 1931
Niitaka class 3,366 tons 6 × 6-in. 10 × 12-pdr. 320 20 kn Niitaka Jan 1902 Jan 1904 Wrecked Kamchatka Peninsula, Aug 1922
Tsushima Oct 1901 Feb 1904 Target, 1944
Otowa 3,000 tons 2 × 6-in. 6 × 4.7-in. 312 21 kn Otowa Jan 1903 Sep 1904 Grounded in dense fog off Daiozaki, Shima peninsula, Jul 1917
Tone 4,113 tons 2 × 6-in. 10 × 4.7-in. 3 × 18-in. 370 23 kn Tone Nov 1905 May 1910 Target, Apr 1933
Chikuma class 5,000 tons 8 × 6-in. 4 × 12-pdr. 3 × 18-in. 26 kn Chikuma Apr 1909 May 1912 Target, 1935
Hirado Aug 1910 Jul 1912 Scrapped, 1947
Yahagi Jun 1910 Jul 1912 Scrapped, 1947

Prizes of Russo-Japanese War

Class or Ship Displace-
ment
Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Keel Laid Commissioned
into IJN
Fate
Tsugaru (ex-Russian Pallada) 6,932 tons 8 × 6-in. 12 × 3.1-in. 3 × 18-in. 514 20 kn Dec 1895 Aug 1908 Scuttled, May 1924
Soya (ex-Russian Varyag) 6,500 tons 12 × 6-in. 10 × 3-in. 4 × 18-in. 571 23 kn Oct 1899 Jul 1907 Returned to Russia, Apr 1916
Suzuya (ex-Russian Novik) 3,080 tons 2 × 4.7-in. 4 × 3-in. 340 25 kn Feb 1900 May 1904 Sold, Apr 1913

Armored cruisers

Class Displace-
ment
Main
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Secondary
Battery
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Completed Fate
Asama class 9,557 tons 4 × 8-in. 14 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 676 21 kn Asama Oct 1896 Mar 1899 Scrapped, 1947
Tokiwa Jan 1897 May 1899 Air attack, Aug 1944
Izumo class 9,353 tons 4 × 8-in. 14 × 6-in. 4 × 18-in. 672 20.75 kn Izumo May 1898 Sep 1900 Air attack, Jul 1945
Iwate Nov 1898 Mar 1901 Air attack, Jul 1945
Yakumo 9,646 tons 4 × 8-in. 12 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 670 20 kn Yakumo Sep 1897 Jun 1900 Scrapped, Jul 1946
Azuma 9,278 tons 4 × 8-in. 12 × 6-in. 5 × 18-in. 670 21 kn Azuma Feb 1898 Jul 1900 Scrapped, 1946
Kasuga class 7,698 tons 4 × 8-in. 14 × 6-in. 4 × 18-in. 600 20 kn Kasuga ex-Argentine Bernardino Rivadavia Mar 1902 Jan 1904 Air attack, Jul 1945
Nisshin ex-Argentine Mariano Moreno Mar1902 Jan1904 Target, 1936 and again 1942
Prize of Russo-Japanese War 7,802 tons 2 × 8-in. 8 × 6-in. 2 × 18-in. 573 21 kn Aso (ex-Russian Bayan) Mar 1899 Dec 1902 Target, Aug 1932

Dispatch vessels

Class Displace-
ment
Main
Battery
Secondary
Battery
Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
Fate
Yodo class 1,270 tons 2 × 4.7-in. 4 × 12-pdr. 12 × 24-in. 116 22 kn Yodo Oct 1906 Apr 1908 Scrapped, 1945
Mogami Mar 1907 Sep 1908 Scrapped, 1929

Foreign built

Class Displace-
ment
Main Battery Secondary Battery Torpedo Tubes Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
Fate
Prize of World War I 4,350 tons 6 × 5.9-in. 1 × 3.4-in. 2 × 17.7-in. 380 27.25 kn Y (ex-German Augsburg) 1910 Scrapped, 1922
Ning Hai-class (prizes of Second Sino-Japanese War) 2,526 tons 6 × 5.5-in. 6 × 3.1-in. 4 × 21-in. 351 23 kn training vessel Mikura, Jul 1938; renamed Ioshima, Jun 1944 (ex-Chinese Ning-Hai) Feb 1931 Sep 1932 Submarine, Sep 1944
barracs hulk Mishima, 1938; renamed Yasoshima, Jun 1944 (ex-Chinese P'ing-Hai) Jun 1931 Jun 1936 Air attack, Nov 1944

Old light cruisers

Class Displacement Main Battery Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
War Loss Postwar
Tenryū class 3,230 tons 4 × 5.5-in. 6 × 21-in. 332 33 kn Tatsuta Jul 1917 May 1919 Submarine, Mar 1944
Tenryū May 1917 Nov 1919 Submarine, Dec 1942
Kuma class 5,870 tons 7 × 5.5-in. 8 × 24-in. 439 31.75 kn Kuma Aug 1918 Aug 1920 Submarine, Jan 1944
Tama Aug 1918 Jan 1921 Submarine, Oct 1944
Kitakami Sep 1919 Apr 1921 Scrapped, 1946
Kiso Aug 1918 May 1921 Air attack, Nov 1944
Ōi Nov 1919 Oct 1921 Submarine, Jul 1944
Nagara class 5,170 tons 7 × 5.5-in. 8 × 24-in. 438 36 kn Nagara Sep 1920 Apr 1922 Submarine, Oct 1944
Natori Dec 1920 Sep 1922 Submarine, Aug 1944
Kinu Jan 1921 Nov 1922 Air attack, Oct 1944
Yura May 1921 Mar 1923 Guadalcanal, Oct 1942
Isuzu Aug 1920 Aug 1923 Submarine, Apr 1945
Abukuma Dec 1921 May 1925 Air attack, Oct 1944
Yūbari class 2,890 tons 6 × 5.5-in. 4 × 24-in. 328 35.5 kn Yūbari Jun 1922 Jul 1923 Submarine, Apr 1944
Sendai class 5,195 tons 7 × 5.5-in. 8 × 24-in. 450 35.25 kn Sendai Feb 1922 Apr 1924 Empr. Aug. Bay, Nov 1943
Jintsū Aug 1922 Jul 1925 Kolombangara, Jul 1943
Naka Jun 1922 Nov 1925 Truk, Feb 1944

Heavy cruisers

Class Displacement Main Battery Torpedo Tubes Complement Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
War Loss Postwar
Furutaka class 9,150 tons 6 × 7.9-in. 12 × 24-in. 625 33 kn Furutaka Dec 1922 Mar 1926 Cape Esperance, Oct 1942
Kako Dec 1922 Jul 1926 Submarine, Aug 1942
Aoba class 9,380 tons
exc. Aoba 9,000
6 × 8-in. 12 × 24-in. 773 33.3 kn Aoba Jan 1924 Sep 1927 Air attack, Jul 1945
Kinugasa Oct 1924 Sep 1927 Guadalcanal, Nov 1942
Myōkō class 13,380 tons 10 × 8-in. 16 × 24-in. 773 33.75 kn Myōkō Oct 1924 Jul 1929 Scuttled, 1946
Nachi Nov 1924 Nov 1928 Air attack, Nov 1944
Haguro Mar 1925 Apr 1929 Surface action, May 1945
Ashigara Apr 1925 Aug 1929 Surface action, Jun 1945
Takao class 13,160 tons 10 × 8-in. 16 × 24-in. 773 34.25 kn Takao Apr 1927 Mar 1932 Target, 1946
Atago Apr 1927 Mar 1932 Submarine, Oct 1944
Chōkai Apr 1931 Jun 1932 Off Samar, Oct 1944
Maya Dec 1928 Jun 1932 Submarine, Oct 1944
Mogami class 12,400 tons 10 × 8-in. 12 × 24-in. 850 34.75 kn Mogami Oct 1931 Jul 1935 Surigao Strait, Oct 1944
Mikuma Dec 1931 Aug 1935 Midway, Jun 1942
Suzuya Dec 1933 Oct 1937 Off Samar, Oct 1944
Kumano Apr 1934 Jul 1935 Air attack, Nov 1944
Tone class 11,215 tons 8 × 8-in. 12 × 24-in. 850 35 kn Tone Dec 1934 Nov 1938 Air attack, Jul 1945
Chikuma Oct 1935 May 1939 Off Samar, Oct 1944
Ibuki class 12,200 tons 10 × 8-in. 16 × 24-in. 35 kn Ibuki Apr 1942 May 1943 completed as aircraft carrier
No. 301 cancelled cancelled

New light cruisers

Class Displacement Main Battery Torpedo
Tubes
Comple-
ment
Speed Ships in Class
Ship Keel Laid Commis-
sioned
War Loss Postwar
Katori class 5,890 tons 4 × 5.5-in. 4 × 21-in. 18 kn Katori Aug 1938 Apr 1940 Truk, Feb 1944
Kashima Oct 1938 May 1940 Scrapped, 1947
Kashii Oct 1939 Jul 1941 Air attack, Jan 1945
Kashiwara cancelled cancelled
Agano class 6,652 tons 6 × 6.1-in. 8 × 24-in. 730 35 kn Agano Jun 1940 Oct 1942 Submarine, Feb 1945
Noshiro Sep 1941 Jun 1943 Air attack, Oct 1944
Yahagi Nov 1941 Dec 1943 Air attack, Apr 1945
Sakawa Nov 1942 Nov 1944 Atomic bomb test, Jul 1946
Modified Agano class 8,164 tons 6 × 6.1-in. designed to carry 6 seaplanes 36 kn Ōyodo Feb 1941 Feb 1943 Air attack, Jul 1945 Scrapped, 1948
Niyodo cancelled cancelled

Destroyers

1st Class destroyers

2nd Class destroyers

3rd Class destroyers

Torpedo boats

  • Shirataka class (1899–1923)
    • Shirataka
  • Hayabusa class (1899–1923)
    • Hayabusa
    • Kasasagi
    • Manazuru
    • Chidori
    • Aotaka
    • Kari
    • Hato
    • Tsubame
    • Hibari
    • Kiji
    • Hashitaka
    • Sagi
    • Uzura
    • Kamome
    • Ōtori
  • Chidori class (1933)
  • Ōtori class (1935–1937)
    • Hato
    • Hayabusa
    • Hiyodori
    • Kari
    • Kasasagi
    • Kiji
    • Ōtori
    • Sagi

River gunboats

Minesweepers

Patrol vessels

List of IJN Patrol Vessels can be found here at

Minelayers

Submarines

1st Class submarines

C3 type I-55

2nd Class submarines

3rd Class submarines

Army submarines

Other submarines

Suicide vessels

See also

References

  1. Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 (1st English ed.). London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-151-1.
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