Kazallu

Kazalla or Kazallu is the name given in Akkadian sources to a city in the ancient Near East whose locations is unknown. Its god is Numushda.[1][2]

History

Under its king Kashtubila, Kazalla warred against Sargon of Akkad in the 24th or 23rd century BC. Sargon laid the city of Kazalla to waste so effectively that "the birds could not find a place to perch away from the ground."[3][4] The city was briefly under the control of Elam under Puzur-Inshushinak until Elam fell to Ur.[5] Under the Ur III empire, the city was ruled by ensi (governors).[6] Some of them, Ititi, Izariq, Kallamu, Šu-Mama, and Apillaša (appointed in year 7 of Amar-Suen), are known by name. All during the reigns of Shulgi and Amar-Suen.[7][8] There is a letter from Ibbi-Sin, the last ruler of Ur III, and Puzur-Numušda 1 who he had made governor of Kazallu, complaining that he was not doing enough to oppose Ishbi-Erra, ruler of Isin.[9]

In the early 2nd millennium BC the city had a number of conflicts with Larsa. A year name of Sin-Iqisham marks the destruction of Kazullu. A year name of Ward-Sin lists the destruction of the walls of Kazullu. Larsa ruler Kudur-Mabuk also reports repelling the forces of Kazullu.[10] A ruler of Isin, Erra-imitti, also claimed to have destroyed Kazullu. Lastly, mulbalum, ruler of Esnunna claimed to have defeated a coalition which included Kazallu.[11] Kazallu briefly became a city-state in its own right before falling to Babylon. The 13th year name of Babylonian ruler Sumu-abum lists the destruction of Kazallu.[12]

Location

According to a tablet from the reign of Gudea of Lagash, Kazalla was located somewhere to the west of Mesopotamia, in the land of Martu.[13] According to a letter to Ibbi-Sîn the Martu were hindering travel between Ur and Kazallu.[14] Some scholars today believe it was only about 15 km from the city of Babylon, and just west of the Euphrates. In texts from Drehem the city is said to be to the east of the unlocated city of Girtab.[15] Old Babylonian records have it as being in the area of Marad (modern Tell as-Sadoum).[16]

See also

References
  1. Jonathan L. Ready. “Zeus, Ancient Near Eastern Notions of Divine Incomparability, and Similes in the Homeric Epics.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 31, no. 1, University of California Press, 2012, pp. 56–91
  2. Sharlach, Tonia. "“Šulgi, Mighty Man, King of Ur”". Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 211-220
  3. Oppenheim, A. Leo (translator). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3d ed. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton: University Press, 1969
  4. Howard, Sethanne. “En Hedu’anna.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 2, Washington Academy of Sciences, 2017, pp. 21–34
  5. Sharlach, Tonia. "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi" Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-68
  6. Rients de Boer. “MARAD IN THE EARLY OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD: ITS KINGS, CHRONOLOGY, AND ISIN’S INFLUENCE.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 65, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2013, pp. 73–90
  7. Kutscher, Raphael. “Apillaša, Governor of Kazallu.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 22, no. 3/4, American Schools of Oriental Research, 1968, pp. 63–65
  8. Allred, L., Garfinkle, S. J., & Molina, M. (2013, December). The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations. In From the 21st Century BC, to the 21st Century AD: Proceeding of the International Conference on Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010 (pp. 115-24)
  9. Michalowski, Piotr. "24. Ibbi-Sin to Puzur-Numušda 1 (IbPu1, 3.1.20, RCU 22)". The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 463-482
  10. Fiette, Baptiste. “‘King’ Kudur-Mabuk: A Study on the Identity of a Mesopotamian Ruler Without a Crown.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 50, no. 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), 2020, pp. 275–94
  11. Rositani, Annunziata. “SOME RĪM-ANUM TEXTS FROM THE BĪT ASĪRĪ KEPT AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM.” Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, vol. 82, no. 1/4, [Fabrizio Serra Editore, Sapienza - Universita di Roma], 2009, pp. 97–121
  12. Rients de Boer. “Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86
  13. Howorth, Henry H. "The Later Rulers of Shirpurla or Lagash (Continued)". The English Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 66 (Apr., 1902), pp. 209-234
  14. Silver, Minna (Lönnqvist). "Climate Change, the Mardu Wall, and the Fall of Ur". Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 271-296
  15. Owen, David I.. "Transliterations, Translations, and Brief Comments". The Nesbit Tablets, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 13-110
  16. Wu, Y. (1998). Kings of Kazallu and Marad in the early OB Period. XXXIVème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, 221-227
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.