Khormans

The Khormans were a local tribe in Wadi Ajal, Fezzan, and were likely of Garamantes descent.[1][2] In 1300, they established a dynasty with Germa as their capital, after a successful rebellion against the Kanem empire.[3][4][2] They are also sometimes referred to as “Qurmān” and “Husmãn” as well as “Khurmān”.[5]

Campaign against the Kanem

In 1320, the Khormans raged a deadly war against the Kanem empire and their vassals in the region.[6] And defeated them in Battle of Tafnidilt. This war resorted in brutal losses for the Kanem and the loss of all territory in Fezzan and north-west Aouzou strip.

Conquest of Ghadames

Some time after their war with Kanem,in 1330 the Khormans led a large campaign against Ghadames. Some Arab sources[7] suggest Hafsid involvement, but no clear sources suggest that they were able to capture Ghadames.

References
  1. Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
  2. Braun, Klaus; Passon, Jacqueline (2020). Across the Sahara: Tracks, Trade and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Libya. Springer Nature. p. 155. ISBN 978-3030001452. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  3. "Fezzan". theodora.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  4. Martin, B. G. (December 1983). "Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the Suppression of the Fazzan Slave Trade, 1881-1896". Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 38 (4): 545–579. JSTOR 40759666. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  5. Martin, B. G. (1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzan: Notes on the Political History of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 20. doi:10.1017/S0021853700009257. JSTOR 180293. S2CID 162910915. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  6. Adhikel, Hossan Edhikel Ali (2022). "Historical Linke between the Fezzan region the state of kanem borno 656 -957 AH/1258 -1550AD". Journal of Human Sciences. 21 (2): 188–198. doi:10.51984/johs.v21i2.2020 (inactive 2023-03-23). Retrieved 2023-03-10.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2023 (link)
  7. عبد الله خليفة الخباط,العلاقات السياسية بين إيالة طرابلس الغرب وانجلترا 1795-1832م (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-03-10.
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