Kerkrade dialect

Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj plat or Kerrechrööetsch Platt [ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt] or simply Kirchröadsj / Kerrechrööetsch, literally 'Kerkradish', Limburgish: Kirkräödsj [ˈkɪʀ(ə)kˌʀœːtʃ], Standard Dutch: Kerkraads, Standard German: Kerkrader Platt) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade and its surroundings, including Herzogenrath in Germany. It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people in Kerkrade is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.[1][2]

Kerkrade dialect
Kirchröadsj plat
Kerrechrööetsch Platt
Pronunciation[ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt]
Native toNetherlands, Germany
RegionKerkrade, Herzogenrath
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of Bocholtz, Vaals and Aachen.

The only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect[3] considers it to be a Ripuarian variety, but most native speakers treat it as a Southeast Limburgish dialect and call it Limburgsj / Lembörrechsch ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj / Kerrechrööetsch ('Kerkradish') or simply plat / Platt ('dialect'). The name Ripuarisch is strictly a scientific term on both sides of the border.

A distinct East Limburgish dialect called Egelzer plat is spoken in Eygelshoven, in the north of the Kerkrade municipality. One of the biggest differences between the two is the pronunciation of the sound written ⟨g⟩ in Limburgish; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as in Limburgish and (southern) standard Dutch (as a voiced velar fricative), whereas in the Kerkrade dialect it is pronounced as in Colognian, as a palatal approximant (where it is spelled ⟨j⟩), except after back vowels where a voiced uvular fricative is used, resulting in a merger with /r/.

Vocabulary

The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.[4]

An example sentence:

Kerkrade dialect (Dutch spelling) Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame[5]
[joˈdɛːsə ʔæn ˈdʁeŋkə ɦelt ˈliː.væn ˈziəl tsəˈzaːmə]
Kerkrade dialect (German spelling) Jod ääße än drenke helt Liev än Siiehl zesame
Kölsch (the largest Ripuarian variety) Jod esse un drinke hält Liev un Siel zesamme
Standard Dutch Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond[5]
[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌudə ˈmɛns xəˈzɔnt]
Standard Dutch (literal) Goed eten en drinken houdt lichaam en ziel samen
[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut ˈlɪxaːm ɛn ˈzil bɛi ɛlˈkaːr]
Standard High German Gut essen und trinken hält Leib und Seele zusammen
[ɡuːt ˈʔɛsn̩ ʔʊnt ˈdʁɪŋkŋ̍ hɛlt ˈlaɪp ʔʊnt ˈzeːlə tsuˈzamən]
English Eating and drinking well keeps one healthy
English (literal) Eating and drinking well keeps the body and soul together

Phonology
Main article: Kerkrade dialect phonology

As most other Ripuarian and Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features a distinction between the thrusting tone (Dutch: stoottoon, German: Schärfung or Stoßton), which has a shortening effect on the syllable (not shown in transcriptions in this article) and the slurring tone (Dutch: sleeptoon, German: Schleifton). In this article, the slurring tone is transcribed as a high tone, whereas the thrusting tone is left unmarked. This is nothing more than a convention, as the phonetics of the Kerkrade pitch accent are severely under-researched. There are minimal pairs, for example moer / Mur /ˈmuːr/ 'wall' - moer / Muhr /ˈmúːr/ 'carrot'.[6][7]

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d (ɡ)
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
voiced dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ χ
voiced v z ʒ ʁ ɦ
Liquid l r
Approximant w j
  • The sounds corresponding to Limburgish /x, ɣ/ are very back after back vowels, being uvular [χ, ʁ] (as in Luxembourgish), rather than velar as in Limburgish. The difference between /ʁ/ and /r/ may be only phonological, with the actual realization being the same: [ʁ].[8][9]
  • Most instances of historical /ɡ/ (/ɣ/ in Limburgish and (southern) Standard Dutch) have merged with /j/, so that the word for green in the Kerkrade dialect is jreun / jrön /ˈjʁøːn/ (compare Standard Dutch groen /ˈɣrun/).[10]
  • The palatal [ç] is an allophone of /χ/ after consonants, the front vowels and the close-mid central /ø/, which phonologically is a front vowel.[8]
Vowel phonemes[11]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-mid e eː ø øː ə o oː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː œ œː ɔ ɔː
Open aː ɑ
Diphthongs closing ɛɪ   œʏ   ɔɪ   ɔʊ   aɪ   aʊ
centering iə   yə   uə   eə   œə   oə
  • /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
  • /aː/ is a phonological back vowel like /ɑ/, and the two function as a long–short pair. The former is phonetically central [äː], whereas the latter is a genuine back vowel [ɑ].[12]

Spelling

The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. The notes are mostly aimed at native speakers of Dutch (including those that can read Limburgish) and German.

Letters
Spelling Phoneme Realization Example words Notes
a /ɑ/ [ɑ] bakke In closed syllables.
/aː/ [aː] jape In open syllables.
b /b/ [b]
[p] Word-finally and before voiceless consonants in compounds.
d /d/ [d]
[t] Word-finally and before voiceless consonants in compounds.
e /ɛ/ [ɛ] sjtek In closed syllables.
[æ] Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, r/.
/eː/ [eː] dene In open syllables.
/ə/ [ə] oavend In unstressed syllables. The dialect does not possess syllabic consonants.
è /ɛː/ [ɛː] nès Stands for the longer version of [ɛ], rather than [ɛ] itself (which is spelled with a bare ⟨e⟩).
f /f/ [f] The voiced counterpart of /f/ is normally spelled ⟨v⟩, as in English. The spelling ⟨f⟩ is used before voiced consonants in compounds.
[v]
g /ʁ/ [ʁ] Occurs only in the intervocalic position. The bare ⟨g⟩ never stands for the plosive /ɡ/ and is a relatively rare letter anyway, as many instances of historical /ɡ/ have merged with /j/ (spelled ⟨j⟩) in Kerkrade.
h /ɦ/ [ɦ] Occurs only in syllable-initial positions.
i /e/ [e] rikke In closed syllables.
j /j/ [j] Never spelled ⟨g⟩, even when it corresponds to /ɣ/ in Limburgish.
k /k/ [k]
[ɡ] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
l /l/ [l]
m /m/ [m]
[ɱ] Before labiodental consonants.
n /n/ [n] Dropping of the historical final /n/ is marked in the orthography, so that maache 'to do' is written as such, rather than maachen (cf. Dutch maken [ˈmaːkə(n)], usually pronounced without the final nasal, unlike German machen [ˈmaxn̩], where the schwa tends to disappear instead).
[m] Before bilabial consonants.
[ɱ] Before labiodental consonants.
[ŋ] Before velar consonants.
o /ɔ/ [ɔ] In closed syllables.
/oː/ [oː] In open syllables.
ö /œ/ [œ] In closed syllables.
ó /o/ [o] In closed syllables.
p /p/ [p]
[b] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
r /r/ [ʁ] Always pronounced as a consonant; may be allophonically devoiced to [χ] before pauses and in contact with voiceless consonants.
s /s/ [s] The voiced counterpart of [s] is normally spelled ⟨z⟩, as in Dutch.
[z] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
t /t/ [t]
[d] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
u /ø/ [ø] Stands for the short close-mid central /ø/ in closed syllables and the long close front /yː/ in open syllables.
/yː/ [yː]
ü /y/ [y]
v /v/ [v] Always voiced, as in English.
w /w/ [w] Always distinct from ⟨v⟩. It is similar to English ⟨w⟩, but without velarization.
z /z/ [z] Always a voiced fricative, as in English.
Digraphs and trigraphs
Spelling Phoneme Realization Example words Notes
aa /aː/ [aː] kaat, sjaa In closed syllables, before digraphs such as ⟨ch⟩ and word-finally.
ai /aɪ/ [aɪ] fain
ao /ɔː/ [ɔː] kaod
äo /œː/ [œː] kräoche
äu /ɔɪ/ [ɔɪ] vräud
auw /aʊ/ [aʊ] kauw
ch /χ/ [ç] Uvular after back vowels, palatal elsewhere.
[χ] maache
[j] Voiced variant of [ç] used in compounds.
[ʁ] Voiced variant of [χ] used in compounds.
dzj /dʒ/ [dʒ] pieëdzje Always distinct from its voiceless counterpart /tʃ/.
ee /eː/ [eː] deer In closed syllables, before digraphs such as ⟨ch⟩ and word-finally.
eë /eə/ [eə] keëts
ei /ɛɪ/ [ɛɪ] knei The usage depends on the spelling of the Dutch cognate of the word.
ij jekkerij
eu /øː/ [øː] meun
gk /ɡ/ [ɡ] wegke It occurs only in the intervocalic position.
ie /i/ [i] In closed syllables and in unstressed positions.
/iː/ [iː]
ieë /iə/ [iə]
ng /ŋ/ [ŋ] Occurs only in syllable-final positions. It always stands for /ŋ/, as /ʁ/ occurs only after vowels.
oo /oː/ [oː] In closed syllables and before digraphs such as ⟨ch⟩.
oa /oə/ [oə] It never stands for the monophthong /ɔː/, which is spelled ⟨ao⟩.
öa /œə/ [œə] It never stands for the monophthong /œː/, which is spelled ⟨äo⟩.
oe /u/ [u] Stands for either sound in stressed closed syllables, for the long /uː/ in stressed open syllables and for the short /u/ in unstressed positions.
/uː/ [uː]
oeë /uə/ [uə]
ouw /ɔʊ/ [ɔʊ]
sj /ʃ/ [ʃ]
[ʒ] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
ts /ts/ [ts]
[dz] Before voiced consonants in compounds.
tsj /tʃ/ [tʃ]
uu /yː/ [yː] In closed syllables and before digraphs such as ⟨ch⟩.
üe /yə/ [yə]
ui /œʏ/ [œʏ]
zj /ʒ/ [ʒ] Always distinct from its voiceless counterpart /ʃ/. It is spelled ⟨sj⟩ before voiced consonants in compounds.

The sequence of /s/ followed by /j/ is not assimilated to [ʃ], unlike in Standard Dutch. This unassimilated sequence is written with a hyphen, as ⟨s-j⟩, as in müs-je [ˈmysjə] 'little mouse' (cf. Standard Dutch muisje [ˈmœyʃə]).

References
  1. "Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  2. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 9.
  3. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997).
  4. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 10.
  5. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), p. 94.
  6. Fournier, Rachel; Gussenhoven, Carlos; Peters, Jörg; Swerts, Marc; Verhoeven, Jo. "The tones of Limburg". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  7. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 19.
  8. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
  9. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  10. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 17, 126.
  11. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15–17.
  12. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15, 18.

Bibliography
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
  • Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987]. Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. ISBN 90-70246-34-1.
  • Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003). Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits (eds.). Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies (in Dutch). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. ISBN 90-70246-47-3.
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