List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies

A rover is a planetary surface exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Rovers are used to explore, collect information, and take samples of the surface. This is a list of all rovers on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System. Since 1970, there have been seven lunar rovers, seven Mars rovers, and three asteroid rovers that have successfully landed and explored these extraterrestrial surfaces.

Key

Colour key:

– Mission completed successfully (or partially successfully)		– Failed or cancelled mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)		– Planned mission

Moon

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Luna 17	Lunokhod 1	USSR	17 November 1970	38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Lunokhod 1)	322 days	10.5 km (6.5 mi)	First rover on extraterrestrial body
Luna 21	Lunokhod 2	USSR	15 January 1971	25.85°N 30.45°E / 25.85; 30.45 (Lunokhod 2)	236 days	39 km (24 mi)	Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3	Yutu	CNSA	14 December 2013	44.12°N 19.51°W / 44.12; -19.51 (Yutu)	42 days (mobile) 973 days (total)	114.8 m (377 ft)	First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first soft landing on the Moon in over 35 years.
Chang'e 4	Yutu-2	CNSA	3 January 2019	44.8°S 175.9°E / -44.8; 175.9 (Yutu 2)	1596 days	1.181 km (0.734 mi)[1] as of 1 May 2022	First soft landing on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Pragyan	ISRO	6 September 2019	70.90°S 22.78°E / -70.90; 22.78 (Vikram lander)	0 days	0 km	Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon
Hakuto-R Mission 1	Rashid	MBRSC	April 2023	TBD	0 days	0 km	Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 1 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Hakuto-R Mission 1	Sora-Q	Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University	April 2023	TBD	0 days	0 km
Peregrine Mission 1	Iris	Astrobotic/Carnegie Mellon University	June 2023	TBD			Intended to be the first autonomous American lunar rover
Peregrine Mission 1	Colmena x5	UNAM	June 2023	TBD			Five microrovers
Chandrayaan 3	Chandrayaan 3 rover	ISRO	June 2023	TBD			Repeated mission announced after partial failure of Chandrayaan-2
SLIM	LEV-1	JAXA	August 2023	TBD			A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which will demonstrate precision landing technology
SLIM	LEV-2	JAXA	August 2023	TBD
IM-2	MAPP	Lunar Outpost	December 2023	TBD			Commercial lunar rover carrying three payloads
	AstroAnt	MIT					Micro rover, will travel on The MAPP rover
	Micro-Nova	Intuitive Machines					Hopper funded by NASA
	Yaoki	Dymon					Small mapping rover
IM-3	Lunar Vertex	NASA/Lunar Outpost	Q2 2024	TBD			Small rover carrying instruments to explore Reiner Gamma
IM-3	CADRE x4	NASA	Q2 2024	TBD			Fully autonomous rovers
VIPER		NASA	November 2024	TBD			Will land near Nobile crater to search for Lunar water
Hakuto-R Mission 2	ispace Rover	ispace Europe	2024	TBD			Hakuto-R Mission 2 will feature a rover for surface exploration and data collection
Chang’e 7	Chang’e 7 rover	CNSA	2026	TBD			Will search for water ice in and around craters in the south pole of the moon
Chang’e 7	Chang’e 7 hopper	CNSA	2026	TBD
Chang’e 8	Chang’e 8 rover	CNSA	2028	TBD			Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS
Chang’e 8	Chang’e 8 hopper	CNSA	2028	TBD			Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS
TBD	Rashid 2	MBRSC	TBD	TBD			Rover development announced after failure of first rover.

Mars

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Mars 2	Prop-M Rover	USSR	27 November 1971	45°S 47°E	1 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 2 lander crash landed on Mars
Mars 3	Prop-M Rover	USSR	2 December 1971	45°S 202°E	0 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing
Mars Pathfinder	Sojourner	NASA	4 July 1997	38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Sojourner)	85 days	100 m (330 ft)	First successful rover on Mars
Beagle 2	PLUTO	ESA/National Space Centre	25 December 2003	11.52879°N 90.43139°E	0 days	0 km	small rover with a spring mechanism used to move, never deployed
Mars Exploration Rover	Spirit	NASA	4 January 2004	14.5684°S 175.472636°E / -14.5684; 175.472636 (Spirit)	6 years 79 days	7.73 km (4.80 mi)
Mars Exploration Rover	Opportunity	NASA	25 January 2004	1.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity)	14 years 140 days	45.16 km (28.06 mi)	Longest distance travelled by any rover and most days operated
Mars Science Laboratory	Curiosity	NASA	6 August 2012	4.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417 (Curiosity)	10 years 285 days	27.55 km (17.12 mi) as of 24 March 2022[2]	Currently active
Mars 2020	Perseverance	NASA	18 February 2021	18.4447°N 77.4508°E / 18.4447; 77.4508 (Mars 2020)	2 years 89 days	13.88 km (8.62 mi) as of 20 December 2022[3]	Currently active
Mars 2020	Ingenuity	NASA	3 April 2021 (deployment)	18.4447°N 77.4508°E / 18.4447; 77.4508 (Mars 2020)	2 years 89 days	8.008 km as of 23 January 2023	Currently active
Tianwen-1	Zhurong	CNSA	14 May 2021	25.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9	733 days	1.921 km (1.194 mi) as of 1 May 2022[4]	Currently active
ExoMars	Rosalind Franklin	ESA	2025 at earliest	18.275°N 335.368°E / 18.275; 335.368 (Rosalind Franklin)	420 days (planned)		Planned to launch 2024 at earliest[5]
MMX	MMX rover	DLR/CNES	2025	TBD			Scheduled to land on Phobos in 2025/2026
Mars Sample Return	Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters	NASA	2030	TBD			2 Ingenuity class helicopters designed to retrieve Martian regolith samples

Asteroids

Body	Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Location	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
162173 Ryugu	Hayabusa2	MINERVA-II Rover-1A	JAXA	21 September 2019	Tritonis	36 days[6]		Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
		MINERVA-II Rover-1B	JAXA	21 September 2019	Tritonis	3 days[6]
		MASCOT	DLR/CNES	3 October 2018	Alice's Wonderland	17 h 14 min[7]	~17.9 m (59 ft)[7]	Successfully landed, returned images from the surface, and performed multiple hops along surface
		MINERVA-II Rover-2	JAXA	October 2019	Unknown	0 days	0 m	Failed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later

Titan

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Location	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Dragonfly		NASA	2034	Shangri-La	10 years (planned)	8 km per flight	Rotorcraft to be sent to Titan in 2027

Proposed rovers

Rover	Country/Agency	Proposed Date of launch	Location	Notes
LUPEX Rover	JAXA/ISRO	2025	Lunar South Pole	Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA
MPR-1	STELLS	2025	In range of a crater	Rover under study for power supply for future mining rovers
Canadensys Rover	Canadensys	2026	Lunar South Pole	Rover funded by CSA to scout for water ice on the Moon
Lunar Zebro	Delft University of Technology	2026	Lunar South Pole	Small rover studying swarm technologies
Lunar Trailblazer	Australian Space Agency	2026		Rover being researched by Australian Businesses
Luna-Grunt	Roscosmos	2028		Rover for proposed Luna 29 sample return mission, details of rover are unknown
Work Robot	CNSA	2028		Might be part of Chang'e 8 mission.
HERACLES	CSA	2030	Schrödinger basin	Part of European Large Logistic Lander program, Will be used to transport samples and scout for resources on the moon.
TBD	KARI	2031		KARI has requested a budget of $459 million for a lander and rover mission.
CELV	Jilin University/CAST	TBD	Near a Lunar base	The Cubic Emergency Lunar Vehicle is an emergency crewed rover that will be stored on a larger crewed rover.
Moonranger	Astrobotic/Carnegie Mellon University	TBD	Lunar South Pole	Was intended to launch in November 2023 but Lunar Lander provider hit bankruptcy and rover is on hold for now
Asagumo	Spacebit	TBD		Spider-like rover was planned to launch with Peregrine Mission One but status is currently unknown

Crewed rovers

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Apollo 15	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	7 August 1971	26.1322°N 3.6339°E	3 h 02 min	27.76 km (7.75 mi)	First crewed lunar rover
Apollo 16	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	21 April 1972	8.97301°S 15.50019°E	3 h 26 min	26.55 km (16.50 mi)
Apollo 17	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	11 December 1972	20.1908°N 30.7717°E	4 h 26 min	35.89 km (22.30 mi)	Furthest distance travelled by crewed lunar rover
Starship lunar cargo mission	FLEX	AstroLab	2026	TBD			Contracted with SpaceX to land Astrolabs’ rover on the moon aboard Starship
Artemis 5	Lunar Terrain Vehicle	NASA	2029	TBD			unpressurised crewed rover for the Artemis program
Artemis 7	Lunar Cruiser	JAXA	2031	TBD			Developed jointly between JAXA and Toyota
Chinese Crewed Lunar Mission	Chinese Crewed Rover	CNSA	2030>	TBD			Rover unrevealed at the National Museum of China on Feb 24th 2023

References

Andrew Jones (2021-10-05). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
"Where Is Curiosity?". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Where is Perseverance?". Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover. NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
"中欧火星探测器成功开展在轨中继通信试验". 新华网. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
"Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked". BBC News. 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.

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[1] Andrew Jones (2021-10-05). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.

[where-is-curiosity?-2] "Where Is Curiosity?". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[3] "Where is Perseverance?". Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover. NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

[4] "中欧火星探测器成功开展在轨中继通信试验". 新华网. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01.

[5] "Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked". BBC News. 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-03-22.

[MINVERA-II_results-6] Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.

[MASCOT_results-7] Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.