Mongkawng

Mogaung (Burmese: မိုးကောင်း) or Möngkawng (Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥩᥒᥰ; Chinese: 孟拱) was a Shan state in what is present-day Myanmar. It was an outlying territory, located away from the main Shan State area in present-day Kachin State. The state existed until 1796. The main town was Mogaung (Mong Kawng).

For the present-day administrative division, see Mogaung Township. For the town, see Mogaung.
Not to be confused with Mogaung, Mingin.
Mongkawng State
(Möngkawng)
State of the Shan States
1215–1796

Mogaung (Mongkawng) in a map of the Toungoo Kingdom
History
History 
• Möngkawng state established
1215
• Annexed by the Kingdom of Burma
1796
Succeeded by
Taungoo Dynasty
Today part ofMyitkyina District, Myanmar

History
See also: Kingdom of Pong

According to legend a predecessor state named Udiri Pale had been established in 58 BC. The area was said to have been inhabited by the Tai Long. According to Tai chronicles the kingdom was founded in 1215 by a saopha named Sam Long Hpa who ruled over an area stretching from Hkamti Long to Shwebo, and extending into the country of the Nagas and Mishmis.[1]

Samlongpha built his capital at Nam Kawng river (present-day Mogaung river) and established it as a tributary state to Mong Mao.[2]

According to Hsweni state chronicle, the two generals Tao Sen Yen and Tao Sen Hai Khai sent with Samlongpha sent a story to Hso Khan Hpa that Samlongpha was conspiring with the king of Mong Wehsali Long to dethrone Hso Khan Hpa, Hso Khan Hpa believed the story and sent poison food to Samlongpha and he died at Mogaung.[3]

Möngkawng (Mong Yang) was occupied by China between 1479 and 1483, after regaining independence it was again briefly occupied by China in 1495. From 1651 to 1742 the state was occupied by the Ava-based Kingdom of Burma and following a period of less than thirty years it was again occupied by Burma from 1771 to 1775. Finally Möngkawng was annexed by the Ava Kingdom in 1796.[4]

After becoming part of Burma Möngkawng was ruled by administrators named wuns. During British rule in Burma it became part of the Myitkyina District of the Mandalay Division.[5]

In Chinese chronicle Ming Shilu, the state was known as Mengyang and was under Yunnan as a pacification superintendency.[6] In the same chronicle, the kingdom is said to extend to the east to Jinsha River in China, south to Ava-Burma, west to the territory of Da-Gula and to the north till Ganyai, a polity near Daying river.[7]

In 1408, the polity was occupied by Da-Gula.[8]

It is asserted that it was originally under the territory of Lu-chuan and it is to Mongkawng and Da-Gula where Si Jifa, the ruler of Mong Mao fled after the destruction of Lu-chuan by the Chinese during the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns (1436–49).[9]

In 1477, the Ava Kingdom marched against Mogaung and captured it. After their submission, the Burmese chronicle records the King of Ava taking the Sawbwa of Mogaung and giving him the town of Tagaung to rule over.[10]

Rulers

The rulers of the state bore the title Saopha.

Saophas
  • 603–633 Hkun Su (Youngest son of Hkun Lu) 1st-Möngkawng
  • 633–653 Sao Hsen Saw (Son of Hkun Lu)
  • 653–667 Sao Hkun Kyaw
  • 667–668 Sao Hkun Kyun
  • 938–9?? Sao Hkaw Hpa (2nd-Möngkawng)
  • ---- – ---- Sao Haw Hseng
  • ---- – ---- Hso Saw Hpa
  • 1150–1201 Sao Sam Lung Hpa Hkun Mong (3rd-Möngkawng)
  • 1432/1433–1445 Sao Ngan Hpa
  • 1445–1449 Sao Hpi Hpa
  • 1449–1495 Hso Pope Hpa
  • 1495–1532 Kywansisa (Sao Sai Lung or Mogaung Mintayagyi)
  • 1532–1557 Sao Lab Hpa (brother of Sao Sai Lung)
  • 1557–1567 Sao Hed Perng (son of Sao Sai Lung)
  • 1567–1580 Hsawng Hkam Long Sunt (son of Sao Hed Perng)
  • 1580–1591 Pan Hlaing Hpa (son of Sao Lab Hpa) He rebellious and took to Bago by Mingyi Hnaung in March 1591
  • 1591–1592 Pan Hlaing Lung (son of Pan Hlaing Hpa) He was hiding outside the city and confiscated the city after his father Pan Hlaing Hpa took to Bago after that he defeated the Minye Kyawswa in mid 1592 and took to Bago
  • 1592–1600 Sao Ngoek Hpa (come from Mongsit) or Mongsitsa
  • 1600–1629 Hso Vieng Hpa
  • 1629–1645 Hso Hom Hpa
  • 1645–1658 Hso Thet Hpa
  • 1658–1663 Hso Tamma
  • 1663–1673: Sui Yaw
  • 1673–1729: Sui Kyek
  • 1729–1739: Hum
  • 1739–1748: Haw Seing (1st time) (d. 1777)
  • 1748–1765: Haw Kam
  • 1765–1768: Haw Seing (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 1768–1771: Maung Kiaw
  • 1771–1775: Maung Piu (d. 1775)
  • 1775–1785: Vacant
  • 1785–1796: Yaw Pan Kyung

References
  1. Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 18, p. 137. - Myitkyina District, History
  2. (Gogoi 1956:132)
  3. (Scott 1967:17)
  4. Shan (Tai) States
  5. Nisbet, John (1901). Burma Under British Rule—and Before. Vol. 1. Archbald Constable & Company.
  6. "79. Meng-yang polity which the MSL records as a 'prefecture" and later as a 'pacification superintendency' under Yun-nan. It is the polity known in Shan as Mong Yang or Mong Kawng and in Burmese as Mo-hnyin or Mogaung."(Wade 1994:274)
  7. Wade 1994, p. 274.
  8. "The MSL notes that this entity was located close to Da Gu-la (q.v.) and was occupied by the latter in 1408"(Wade 1994:271)
  9. Wade 1994, pp. 274, 309.
  10. (Ferquist 2005:299–300)

Bibliography
  • Ferquist, Jon (2005), "Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invansions of Ava (1525-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539", Bulletin of Burma Research, 2 (2)
  • Wade, Geoffrey (1994), The Ming Shi-lu (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty) as a Source for Southeast Asian History -- 14th to 17th Centuries, Hong Kong
  • Gogoi, Padmeswar (1956). The political expansion of the Mao Shans.
  • Scott, James George (1967), Hsenwi State Chronicle


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