Musicogenic epilepsy

Musicogenic epilepsy is a form of reflex epilepsy with seizures elicited by special stimuli.[1][2]

Musicogenic epilepsy
SpecialtyNeurology

It has probably been described for the first time in 1605 by the French philosopher and scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609).[3] Later publications were, in the eighteenth century, among others, by the German physician Samuel Schaarschmidt,[4] in the nineteenth century 1823 by the British physician John C. Cooke,[5] 1881 by the British neurologist and epileptologist William Richard Gowers,[6] as well as in 1913 by the Russian neurologist, clinical neurophysiologist and psychiatrist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.[7] In 1937 the British neurologist Macdonald Critchley coined the term for the first time[8] and classified it as a form of reflex epilepsy.[9]

Most patients have temporal lobe epilepsy.[10] Listening, probably also thinking or playing,[11] of usually very specific music with an emotional content triggers focal seizures with or without loss of awareness, occasionally also evolving to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.

Although musicality is at least in non-musicians predominantly located in the right temporal lobe, the seizure onset may also be left-hemispherical. Of the approximately 100 patients reported in the literature so far, about 75% had temporal lobe epilepsy, women were slightly more affected, and the mean age of onset was about 28 years.[12] Ictal EEG and SPECT findings[13][14] as well as functional MRI studies[15] localized the epileptogenic area predominantly in the right temporal lobe. Treatment with epilepsy surgery leading to complete seizure freedom has been reported.[16][17]

Musicogenic Seizures might happen during sleep.[18] Cognitive or emotional appreciation of the stimulus can also be involved.[18] This usually results in a complex partial seizure.[18] But also other seizures like tonic-clonic seizures are also can be seen.[18]

Clinical Aspect

Musicogenic epilepsy is rare epilepsy.[19] The prevalence in the general population is as low as 1 in 10 million.[19] Musicogenic epilepsy typically first progresses later in life.[19] The age of onset is approx 28 years.[19] There are few Instances of onset in childhood and in infancy.[19] It involves contact with the stimulus which results in a seizure.[20] It’s also more common in women in comparison to men.[20] In a few research, it has been found that there is frequently an interruption between the stimulus and the seizure.[20] The seizures are mostly induced by listening to music.[21] It can be triggered by playing or thinking of music.[21] Reports suggest that seizures happened on the basis of the genre of music such as jazz, or classical.[21] Some of them even happened due to particular musical instruments or composers.[21] There are no certain explanations for music-caused seizures.[22] Certain Scientists think that the music might not be the definite cause of the seizure.[22] Music affects emotion and it released the brain chemical (neurotransmitter) called dopamine.[22] This can inhibit the brain’s normal working and cause a seizure.[22] It's mostly seen in people who are musicians or interested in music.[20] Through some studies it can be seen that activity amplified in limbic regions within the temporal lobe.[20] Emotional centres of the brain may be complex, acting as a midway.[20] Both spontaneous and reflex seizures may occur in patients with Musicogenic Epilepsy.[23] Seizures are started by an auditory trigger.[23] The time interval between the stimulus and the seizure is of few minutes.[23] Musicogenic seizures are usually complex focal, with some secondarily generalizing to tonic-clonic seizures.[24]

Causes

There is not any clear explanation for why music can induce epilepsy.[25] It is still a mystery how music can induce epilepsy.[25] Musical involves many electrical and chemical functions of the brain.[25] As the auditory compound is present in the temporal lobe, so the music induced epileptic seizures are considered as Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.[25] Some Scientists cannot explain why music causes seizures in certain people.[26] It might be the way music can touch our emotions.[26] At the time of hearing the songs our brain releases a neurotransmitter known as dopamine.[26] This might interfere with the brain’s normal way of working and cause a seizure.[26]

Diagnosis

An earlier diagnosis will result in more effective treatment.[23] Detailed clinical history of seizures and their triggering factors are necessary for the diagnosis.[23] EEG with acoustic stimuli and a brain MRI are important.[23] It is also recommended to search for anti-GAD antibodies.[23]

Epidemiology

The estimated prevalence of Musicogenic epilepsy is one case per 10,000,000 population.[27]

Treatment

Carbamazepine and phenytoin have been prescribed for the patient as a treatment for Musicogenic epilepsy.[18] Behavioral conditioning may prove effective in the treatment as an alternative to medicine.[18] Surgical treatment should be considered in the rare cases of ME.[23] The non-pharmacological treatments are:

  • Strictly avoiding the stimuli
  • Modifying the stimuli
  • Desensitization
  • Inhibition

See also

References
  1. Stern, John (2015). "Musicogenic epilepsy". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 129: 469–477. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00026-3. ISBN 9780444626301. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 25726285.
  2. "music and epilepsy". Epilepsy Society. 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  3. Scaliger JJ. Le Loirier’s Treatise of Spectres (1605; cited after Critchley 1937)
  4. Schaarschmidt A, Hrsg. D(r.) Samuel Schaarschmidts Medicinischer und Chirurgischer Nachrichten sechster Theil, mit einem Register nebst einer Vorrede versehen. Berlin, J. J. Schütz 1748: 93–97
  5. Cooke J. History and Method of Cure of the Various Species of Epilepsy: Being the Second Part of the Second Vol of: A Treatise on Nervous Diseases. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown 1823; Reprint: Birmingham, Alabama, The Classics of Medicine Library, Gryphon Editions 1984: 63
  6. Gowers WR. Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. London, J. & A. Churchill 1881
  7. Bechterev VM. O reflektornoi epilepsi pod oliyaniemevyookovich razdrazheniye [Artikel in Russisch] Obozrenie Psichiat Nevrol 1914; 15: 513–520
  8. Critchley M. Musicogenic epilepsy. Brain 1937; 60: 13–27
  9. "Musicogenic epilepsy and epileptic music: a seizure's song (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  10. Kaplan PW. Musicogenic epilepsy and epileptic music: a seizure’s song. Epilepsy Behav 2003; 4: 464–473
  11. Sutherling WW, Hershman LM, Miller JQ, Lee SI. Seizures induced by playing music. Neurology 1980; 30: 1001–1004
  12. Rose, Frank Clifford (2010). Neurology of Music. World Scientific. ISBN 9781848162686.
  13. Wieser HG, Hungerbühler H, Siegel AM, et al. Musicogenic epilepsy: review of the literature and case report with ictal single photon emission computed tomography. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 200–207
  14. Gelisse P, Thomas P, Padovani R, et al. Ictal SPECT in a case of pure musicogenic epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 2003; 5: 133–137
  15. Marrosu F, Barberini L, Puligheddu M, et al. Combined EEG/fMRI recording in musicogenic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2009; 84: 77–81
  16. Tayah TF, Abou-Khalil B, Gilliam FG et al. Musicogenic seizures can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci: intracranial EEG analyses of three patients. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1402–1406
  17. Hoppner AC, Dehnicke C, Kerling F, Schmitt FC. Zur Neurobiologie musikogener Epilepsien – resektiv operierte Patienten und funktionelle MRT-Untersuchungen. Z Epileptol 2016; 29: 7–15
  18. "Musicogenic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario".
  19. Stern, J (2015). "Musicogenic epilepsy". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 129: 469–77. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00026-3. ISBN 9780444626301. PMID 25726285.
  20. Ltd, HealthMatch Pty (10 November 2022). "What You Need To Know About Musicogenic Epilepsy". HealthMatch.
  21. "Music and epilepsy | Epilepsy Society". epilepsysociety.org.uk.
  22. Francisco, Leonor (29 July 2021). "Musicogenic Epilepsy in Adults: Epileptogenesis and Management Update". Sinapse. 21 (2): 85–92. doi:10.46531/sinapse/AR/210028/2021.
  23. Ellis, Liddy (1 March 2017). "The potential mechanism of musicogenic epilepsy and future research avenues". Bioscience Horizons: The International Journal of Student Research. 10. doi:10.1093/biohorizons/hzx004.
  24. "Epilepsy360° – Edition 34: Musicogenic Epilepsy". Epilepsy Action Australia.
  25. Maguire, Melissa Jane (June 2012). "Music and epilepsy: A critical review: Music and Epilepsy". Epilepsia. 53 (6): 947–961. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03523.x. PMID 22612325. S2CID 33600372.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.