Niosome

Niosomes are utilized for drug delivery to specific sites in order to achieve desired therapeutic effects.[2] They provide an alternative to liposomes and are composed of non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that include non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol as an excipient,[1] which can potentially enhance drug absorption.[3] Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, as they both consist of a lipid bilayer. However, niosomes are more stable during the formation process and storage than liposomes.[4] They can trap hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, either in an aqueous layer (for hydrophilic drugs) or in a vesicular membrane composed of lipid material (for lipophilic drugs).

Schematic representation of niosome prepared by sorbitan monostearate (Span-60)[1]

Structure

Niosomes are lamellar structures at a microscopic level. They are composed of non-ionic surfactants belonging to the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol, which become hydrated in aqueous media. The non-ionic surfactant molecules tend to arrange themselves in a manner such that the hydrophilic ends of the surfactant face outwards while the hydrophobic ends face inward to create the bilayer.[5]

Advantages of niosomes

Niosomes are advantageous for drug delivery systems due to their osmotic activity, chemical stability, and long storage time compared to liposomes. They offer high compatibility and low toxicity risk with biological systems due to their non-ionic chemical bonding structures.[6] Niosomes can serve as biodegradable and non-immunogenic drug delivery compounds[7] and can entrap lipophilic drugs into vesicular bilayer membranes. They can also be used to entrap hydrophilic pharmaceuticals within aqueous compartments. Niosomes can shield the drug from the biological environment, which can improve the therapeutic performance of various drug molecules. Additionally, they can be used in a sustained drug delivery system to more directly affect targeted cells and delay clearance from circulation.[6][8]

Methods of preparation

Various methods can be used to prepare niosomes, such as[1] the ether injection method (EIM), hand shaking method (HSM), reverse phase evaporation method (REV), trans-membrane pH gradient, "bubble" method, microfluidization method, formation of niosomes from proniosomes (Proniosome Technology (PT)),[5] thin-film hydration method (TFH), heating method (HM), freeze and thaw method (FAT), and dehydration rehydration method (DRM).

Applications

Niosomes have various applications, such as gene delivery,[9][10] drug targeting, antineoplastic treatment, treatment for leishmaniasis, delivery of peptide drugs, studying immune response, carriers for hemoglobin, transdermal drug delivery systems,[11] and cosmetics.[12]

References
  1. Moghassemi S, Hadjizadeh A (July 2014). "Nano-niosomes as nanoscale drug delivery systems: an illustrated review". Journal of Controlled Release. 185: 22–36. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.015. PMID 24747765.
  2. "Drug Delivery Systems (definition)". www.reference.md. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  3. Hsu T, Mitragotri S (September 2011). "Delivery of siRNA and other macromolecules into skin and cells using a peptide enhancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (38): 15816–21. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815816H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016152108. PMC 3179050. PMID 21903933.
  4. Ge, X.; Wei, M.; He, S.; Yuan, W. E. (2019). "Advances of Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes) and Their Application in Drug Delivery". Pharmaceutics. 11 (2): 55. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11020055. PMC 6410054. PMID 30700021.
  5. "Niosomes". Pharmaxchange. 26 December 2010.
  6. Bruschi ML, ed. (2015). Strategies to Modify the Drug Release from Pharmaceutical Systems. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2014-0-02342-8. ISBN 978-0-08-100092-2.
  7. Shegokar R, ed. (2020). Delivery of Drugs. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2018-0-02191-x. ISBN 978-0-12-817776-1. S2CID 243021998.
  8. Kazi KM, Mandal AS, Biswas N, Guha A, Chatterjee S, Behera M, Kuotsu K (October 2010). "Niosome: A future of targeted drug delivery systems". Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 1 (4): 374–380. doi:10.4103/0110-5558.76435. PMC 3255404. PMID 22247876.
  9. Moghassemi S, Hadjizadeh A (July 2014). "Nano-niosomes as nanoscale drug delivery systems: an illustrated review". Journal of Controlled Release. 185: 22–36. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.015. PMID 24747765.
  10. Puras G, Mashal M, Zárate J, Agirre M, Ojeda E, Grijalvo S, Eritja R, Diaz-Tahoces A, Martínez Navarrete G, Avilés-Trigueros M, Fernández E, Pedraz JL (January 2014). "A novel cationic niosome formulation for gene delivery to the retina". Journal of Controlled Release. 174: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.004. PMID 24231407.
  11. Aggarwal G, Goel A, Dhawan S, Shama A (2010). "Carriers/vesicles based approaches for penetration enhancement in transdermal drug delivery". Latest Review. 8 (1): 1–5.
  12. US 4830857, "Cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions containing niosomes and a water-soluble polyamide, and a process for preparing these compositions"
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