Observer effect
Observer effect, observer bias, observation bias, etc. may refer to a number of concepts, some of them closely related:
General experimental biases
- Hawthorne effect, a form of reactivity in which subjects modify an aspect of their behavior, in response to their knowing that they are being studied
- Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
- Observer bias, a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases
Physics
- Observer effect (physics), the impact of observing a physical system
- Probe effect, the effect on a physical system of adding measurement devices, such as the probes of electronic test equipment
Computing
- Heisenbug of computer programming, in which a software bug seems to disappear or alter its behavior when one attempts to study it
- Observer effect (information technology), the impact of observing a process while it is running
Media
- "Observer Effect" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, named after the effect in physics.
See also
- Actor–observer bias
- Demonstration effect
- Uncertainty principle
- Meditation
- Personal equation, in experimental science
- Schrödinger's cat, a thought experiment, often described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger
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