List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
| Military of the Ottoman Empire |
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The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]
The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Rise (1299–1453)
- Ottoman victory
- Ottoman defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result
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Classical Age (1453–1566)
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Transformation (1566–1703)
- 1568–1918 Russo-Turkish Wars
- 1568–1570 Russo-Turkish War
- 1570–1572 Russo-Crimean War
- 1570–1573 Ottoman–Venetian War
- 1571 Battle of Lepanto
- 1574 Conquest of Tunis (1574)
- 1576 Moroccan Civil War
- 1578 Moroccan–Portuguese War
- 1578 Caucasian Campaign
- 1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War
- 1586–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese War
- 1585 Ottoman–Druze War
- 1589 Beylerbeyi Event
- 1590–1610 Celali rebellions
- 1593–1606 Long War
- 1593–1617 Moldavian Magnate Wars
- 1594 Uprising in Banat
- 1596–1597 Serb uprising of 1596–1597
- 1598 First Tarnovo Uprising
- 1603–1612 Ottoman–Safavid War
- 1611 Epirus Revolt of 1611
- 1611–1613 Ottoman–Druze War
- 1615–1618 Ottoman–Safavid War
- 1620–1621 Polish–Ottoman War
- 1622–1628 Abaza rebellion
- 1623–1639 Ottoman–Safavid War
- 1631–1635 Ottoman–Druze War
- 1633–1634 Polish–Ottoman War
- 1645–1669 Cretan War
- 1648 Atmeydanı Incident
- 1656 Çınar Incident
- 1658–1667 Druze power struggle
- 1663–1664 Austro-Turkish War
- 1666–1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War
- 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War
- 1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War
- 1683–1699 Great Turkish War
- 1686 Second Tarnovo Uprising
- 1688 Chiprovtsi Uprising
- 1689 Karposh's Rebellion
- 1700–1721 Great Northern War
Old Regime (1703–1789)
- 1703 1703 Edirne Incident
- 1703 Invasion of Georgia
- 1710–1711 Russo-Turkish War
- 1713 Skirmish at Bender
- 1714–1718 Ottoman–Venetian War
- 1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War
- 1722-1730 Syunik rebellion
- 1726–1727 Ottoman–Hotaki War
- 1730 Patrona Halil
- 1730–1735 Ottoman–Safavid War
- 1732 Spanish reconquest of Oran
- 1735–1739 Russo-Turkish War
- 1737–1739 Austro-Turkish War
- 1743–1746 Ottoman–Afsharid War
- 1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War
- 1769–1772 Danish–Algerian War
- 1770 Orlov Revolt
- 1770 Invasion of Mani (1770)
- 1773–1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
- 1775–1776 Ottoman–Zand War
- 1787–1791 Austro-Turkish War
- 1787–1792 Russo-Turkish War
Decline and modernization (1789–1908)
- 1792–1802 French Revolutionary Wars
- 1793–1795 Tripolitanian civil war
- 1798–1801 French campaign in Egypt and Syria
- 1798–1802 War of the Second Coalition
- 1801–1805 First Barbary War
- 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
- 1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War
- 1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War
- 1803 Souliote War
- 1803 Invasion of Mani (1803)
- 1803–1807 Rise of Muhammad Ali
- 1804–1817 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
- 1804–1813 First Serbian Uprising
- 1806 1806 Edirne Incident
- 1807 Invasion of Mani (1807)
- 1807–1808 Ottoman coups of 1807–08
- 1811–1818 Ottoman–Saudi War
- 1815 Invasion of Mani (1815)
- 1815 Second Barbary War
- 1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising
- 1821–1832 Greek War of Independence
- 1821 Wallachian Revolution of 1821
- 1821–1823 Ottoman–Qajar War
- 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War
- 1829–1830 Revolt of Atçalı Kel Mehmet
- 1830–1903 French conquest of Algeria
- 1831–1832 Great Bosnian uprising
- 1831–1833 Egyptian–Ottoman War
- 1833–1839 Albanian Revolts of 1833–39
- 1834 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine
- 1835–1858 Libyan revolt
- 1838 1838 Druze revolt
- 1839–1841 Egyptian–Ottoman War
- 1841 Cretan Revolt (1841)
- 1843–1844 Albanian Revolt of 1843–44
- 1847 Albanian Revolt of 1847
- 1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848
- 1852–1878 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
- 1852–1862 Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862)
- 1852–1853 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53)
- 1853–1856 Crimean War
- 1854 Epirus Revolt of 1854
- 1854 Macedonian Revolution of 1854
- 1858 Battle of Grahovac
- 1858 Cretan Revolt (1858)
- 1860 Lebanon conflict
- 1861–1862 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62)
- 1862 Zeitun Rebellion (1862)
- 1866–1869 Cretan Revolt (1866–69)
- 1875–1877 Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1877)
- 1876 April Uprising
- 1876 Razlovtsi insurrection
- 1876–1878 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
- 1876–1877 First Serbian–Ottoman War
- 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War
- 1877–1878 Second Serbian–Ottoman War
- 1878 Kumanovo uprising
- 1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878
- 1878 Macedonian Revolution of 1878
- 1878 Cretan Revolt (1878)
- 1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 1878–1879 Kresna–Razlog Uprising
- 1892–1893 Ottoman–Qatari War
- 1893–1908 Macedonian Struggle
- 1894 Sasun rebellion
- 1895–1896 Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)
- 1896–1897 Macedonian Revolution of 1896–1897
- 1897 Greco-Turkish War of 1897
- 1897-1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)
- 1903 Theriso revolt
- 1903 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
- 1904 Sasun Uprising
- 1905 Shoubak revolt
- 1906 Ottoman–Qajar War
Dissolution (1908–1922)
- 1908 Young Turk Revolution
- 1909 31 March Incident
- 1909–1910 Hauran Druze Rebellion
- 1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910
- 1910 Karak revolt
- 1911 Albanian Revolt of 1911
- 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War
- 1912 Albanian Revolt of 1912
- 1912–1918 Serbian–Ottoman Wars
- 1912–1913 First Balkan War
- 1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte
- 1913 Second Balkan War
- 1914–1918 World War I
- 1917–1923 Russian Civil War
- 1918–1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War
- 1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence
See also
Notes
- The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[69]
References
- Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
- Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.
- Streusand 2011, p. 83.
- Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
- Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.
- Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.
- Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
- Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
- Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.
- A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
- Maddock, Robert (19 December 2016). Robert Maddock, The 1300 Year's War: Volume 2. ISBN 9781524549350.
- Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
- Treadgold (1997), p. 780
- "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- (Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
- (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
- Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
- Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
- John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
- John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
- Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4.
Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
- Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6.
1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
- Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2.
In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
- Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8.
The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
- Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
- Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 9780472082605.
- Fine 1994, p. 424
- Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
- Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
- Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
- Taeschner, Franz (1990). Necmi Ülker, çev. "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 5 (1): 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
- Baştav 1989, p. 91.
- Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
- Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- Tuchman, 548
- Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134
- Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148
- Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207
- The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.
- Villari (1904), p. 251
- Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.
- Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.
- Battle of Breadfield (1479), 'Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 483. ISBN 978-1851096725.
- David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.
- Morgan, David O. The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2010. p.210 "Although the Safavids experienced military defeat at Chāldirān, the political outcome of the battle was a stalemate between the Ottomans and Safavids, even though the Ottomans ultimately won some territory from the Safavids. The stalemate was largely due to the ‘scorched earth’ strategy that the Safavids employed, making it impossible for the Ottomans to remain in the region"
- Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139991507 p 336
- Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Following Čālderān, the Ottomans briefly occupied Tabriz.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, Tabriz
- Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna, (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.
- Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Sultanate Reconsidered, Robert Irwin, The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society, ed. Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, (Brill, 2004) 127
- "Safavid Persia:The History and Politics of an Islamic Empire". Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 207–13.
- Drews, Robert (August 2011). "Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" (PDF). Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization. Vanderbilt University.
- "With the fall of Tlemcen Uruj became master of a territory as large as the modern French colony of Algeria, and his exploits made many of the rulers about the Mediterranean quake in their shoes." in The book of pirates Henry Gilbert, 207-208
- "1048 to the present day".
- Steven Béla Várdy, "The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism." Hungarian Studies Review 10.1 (1983): 21+ online
- Anna Boreczky, "Historiography and Propaganda in the Royal Court of King Matthias: Hungarian Book Culture at the End of the Middle Ages and Beyond." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti 43 (2019): 23-35.
- The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
- Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1107245082.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 698. ISBN 978-1598843361.
- Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p.61
- History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
- Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (27 March 2019). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- Hattendorf & King 2013, p. 32.
- Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria, IB Tauris, 2014, p. 195
- Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
- At least two companies of Spanish Tercios took part in the defence of Fort St Elmo. Cañete, Hugo A. (3 July 2020). "La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar". Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9780275985059.
Further reading
- Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
- "List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
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