Park (Korean surname)

Park or Bak (박, Korean pronunciation: [pak̚]), is the third-most-common surname in Korea,[1] traditionally traced back to 1st century King Hyeokgeose Park (박혁거세) and theoretically inclusive of all of his descendants. Park or Bak is usually assumed to come from the Korean noun Bak (박), meaning "gourd".[2] As of the South Korean census of 2015, there were 4,192,074 people with the name in South Korea, or roughly 8.4% of the population.[1]

Park
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationBak
McCune–ReischauerPak
Percentage of family names in South Korea
  Kim
  Lee
  Park
  Choi
  Jung

Founding legend

All the Park clans in Korea trace their ancestry back to the first king of Silla, Hyeokgeose. According to a legend, the leaders of the six clans of the Jinhan confederacy were gathering on a hilltop to choose a king, when they looked down and saw lightning strike at the foot of the Yangsan mountain and a white horse bow at the same place. When they went there to check, they found a red egg, which hatched a baby boy. They bathed the boy in the nearby stream and he was emitting bright light and the sun and the moon rose at the same time, indicating the divine birth of the child. Thus the child was named Hyeokgeose, meaning "ruling with a bright light" and his clan name became Bak or "gourd" after the round shape of the egg he hatched from. At age 13 he was given the title geoseogan (거서간), the equivalent of "king" at the time. The birth legends of early Korean kings were necessary to validate the "divine" nature of their rule.[2][3]

According to Yang ju-dong(梁柱東)’s research, both '赫' and '朴' in '朴赫居世’ are repeatedly written with the meaning of 'ᄇᆞᆰ' (Korean: 밝다, English: Bright)[4]

According to Samguk Sagi, the Jin people called gourd as "park", and the first large egg looked similar to the shape of the gourd, so his last name become Park(朴).

Clans
Park Chung-hee, 3rd President of South Korea. He is from the Goryeong clan of the Baks.
Bak Chan Ho is a former baseball player. He is from the Chungju clan of the Baks.
Park Jae Sang is a singer. He is from the Miryang clan of the Baks.[5]
Bak Tae-hwan is a South Korean swimmer. He is from the Miryang clan of the Baks.
Bak Ji-sung, a former Manchester United South Korean football player. He is from the Miryang Clan of the Baks.
Bak Junghwan, South Korean Baduk player

As with other Korean surnames, different lineages, known as bon-gwan or clans, are inherited from a father by his children. These designate the region of Korea or paternal ancestor, from which they claim to originate. Out of the kings of Silla, ten had the Park surname. During the rule of King Pasa (80–112), the Park clans became divided and during the reign of King Gyeongmyeong (917–924) they became even more fractured, creating several lineages. This is when the nine Park clans named after the nine sons of Gyeongmyeong came into existence.[6]

70–80% of the current bearers of the surname belong to the Miryang Bak clan. In 2015, there were 314 Bak clans in South Korea, with about 4.19 million people altogether.[7]

Family seal of the Miryang Park clan

The clans which produced the most number of notable people in Korean history are collectively called the "8 Parks", these are: the Miryang Park clan (밀양박씨), the Bannam Park clan (반남박씨), the Goryeong Park clan (고령박씨), the Hamyang Park clan (함양박씨), the Juksan Park clan (죽산박씨), the Suncheon Park clan (순천박씨), the Muan Park clan (무안박씨) and the Chungju Park clan (충주박씨).[6][7]

Clan name (Region)Clan progenitorPercentage (%)
(2015)
Miryang[1]Grand Prince Eon-chim of Milseong, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla74.04
HamyangGrand Prince Bak Eon-shin, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla3.9
OthersUltimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla3.8
Bannam (Naju)Lord Hojang, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla3.8
SuncheonBak Yeong Kyu, Gyeon Hwon's son-in-law, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla3.8
Juksan (Andong)Grand Prince Eunnip of Juksan, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla1.5
GoryeongPark Eun-seong, Grand Prince of Goyang, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla1.0
Yeonghae (Yeongdeok)Park Je-sang, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla0.7
ChungjuPark Sang, ultimately from Hyeokgeose of Silla0.8

Marriage within a clan

Traditionally, a man and a woman in the same clan could not marry, so the combination of the bon-gwan and the family name of a husband had to differ from those of his wife. Until 1997, this was also the law, but this was ruled unconstitutional.

Position in society
House of Park
Parent houseItself
CountryKorea
Founded57 BC
FounderKing Hyeokgeose
Final rulerKing Gyeongae
TitlesKing of Silla
DissolutionFall of Silla in 935

King Hyeokgeose was said to have founded the Korean kingdom of Silla at the age of thirteen in 57 BC. Bak was one of three houses of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Among the houses of Bak, Gim, and Seok, princes rotated on the throne of Silla. According to historical records, all three houses have been recorded as having worshipped the founding father, Bak Hyeokgeose as their ancestral shrine. For example, the 4th king Talhae of Silla, the 9th king Beolhyu of Silla, the 10th king Naehae of Silla, the 11th king Jobun of Silla, the 12th king Cheomhae of Silla, the 14th King Yurye of Silla and the 15th king Girim of Silla were house of Seok, but according to the Samguk sagi Silla bongi, all of them worshipped Bak Hyeokgeose as their progenitor. In addition, the 13th king Michu of Silla, the 16th king Heulhae of Silla, the 17th king Naemul of Silla, the 18th king Silseong of Silla, the 19th king Nulji of Silla, the 20th king Jabi of Silla, the 21st king Soji of Silla, the 22nd king Jijeung of Silla, the 40th king Aejang of Silla, the 41st king Heondeok of Silla and the 42nd king Heungdeok of Silla are descendants of Gim Al-ji, but according to the Samguk sagi Silla bongi, all of them worshipped Bak Hyeokgeose as their progenitor. In addition, according to Samguk sagi, the Shrine Shingung(神宮) was founded in the birthplace of the progenitor Bak Hyeokgeose(朴赫居世) and every king has been recorded as paying their respects at this shrine. All of these historical records imply that the three lineages of Bak, Seok, and Gim worshipped Bak Hyeokgeose as their founding ancestor.[8]

When Seonggols have died out followed by two consecutive queens, Kim Chun-Chu from Jingol began to monopolize the throne, which lasts 258 years. However, even during this period, the Kims did not fully occupy the throne. In the later period of Silla, the Bak clan from Jingol succeed in restoring the throne. During the last century of the dynasty, the Bak clan from Jingol regained the ruling house position in 728 years. However, the Bak dynasty was cut off when Gyeongae of Silla was forced to commit suicide by Gyeon Hwon of the Hubaekje Kingdom. The reign of the Bak clan lasted only 15 years. After that, Gim Bu became the last king of Silla, but soon surrendered to the Wang Geon of Goryeo and Silla finally collapsed in 992 years.

During the Unified Silla the Miryang Bak Clan, along with Gimhae Gim clan became the most prominent of the aristocracy, based on the bone rank system. Within the bone rank system, the two clans of Gimhae Gims and Miryang Baks were considered the most Jingol, or "True Bone". As Seong gol, or Divine bones died out through intermarriage, these two clans became the dominant noble houses on the peninsula following the conquest of rival dynasties.

After the fall of Silla, it continued as a major noble house of Goryeo. During the Goryeo dynasty, many of the people who passed the highest-level state examination, which was implemented to recruit ranking officials during the Goryeo dynasty, were Parks. The first General to defeat the Mongols in world history was General Park Seo, who commanded the successful defense of the fortress of Guju in 1231 against the forces led by Mongol General Salitai.

During Joseon dynasty, Parks continued to thrive as one of the main Yangban households. With the Gabo Reform of 1894, when the caste system was abolished, some peasants adopted the surname of Park, bloating the population of the Park family. Simultaneously with the abolition of the Gwageo national service examination, the Yangban system came to an end. During the Japanese Occupation Period, three of the ten Korean aristocrats admitted into Japanese House of Peers were of the Park Clan.

According to Kojiki, Nihon Shoki and 播磨国風土記, one of Bak Princes, recorded in various names as Amenohiboko (天日槍), Amenohihoko (天之日矛), Hiboko (日桙), Amenohibokonomikoto (天日槍命), Amenohibokonomikoto (天日桙命) and Amanohiboko (海檜槍) migrated to Japan in 27 BC[9] and 糸井氏 clan, Miyake clan, 橘守氏 clan, 但馬氏 clan, 絲井氏 clan and Tajimamori are recorded as descendants of Amenohiboko.[10]

Notable people of the past

The following is a list of notable people of the past with the Korean family name Park/Bak. People should only be included in this list if they have their own Wikipedia articles or if they are discussed in a non-trivial fashion in Wikipedia articles on notable groups or events with which they are associated.

Kings

Kings of Silla in order of their reign:

Historical people
  • Bak An-sin (1369–1447), scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty
  • Bak Gyusu (1807–1877), scholar-bureaucrat, teacher, politician, and a diplomat of the Joseon Dynasty
  • Bak Jiwon (1737-1805), philosopher and novelist in the late Joseon dynasty
  • Bak Jungyang (1872-1959), Korean Joseon and Japanese-ruled Korean bureaucrat, politician, liberal and social activist
  • Bak Seo-saeng, civil minister, diplomat and ambassador in the early Joseon Dynasty period
  • Bak Yeon (1378-1458), government official, scholar, astronomer and musician in the early Joseon Dynasty period
  • Bak Yeong-gyu (?-970), Silla general and one of the warlords in the Later Three Kingdoms period
  • Pak Je-ga, scholar of Silhak in the late Joseon Dynasty
  • Pak Paeng-nyeon (1417–1456), scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty, known as one of the six martyred ministers
  • Park Chung-hee (1917-1979), South Korean politician and army general who served as President of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979
  • Park Do-yu (?-670), general and aristocrat during the reign of King Munmu of Silla
  • Park Jeong Yang (1842–1905), civil servant, diplomat, Prime Minister and first ambassador to the United States during the late Joseon Dynasty
  • Park Joong Seon (1435–1481), military official in the mid Joseon Dynasty
  • Park Mun-su (1691-1756), government official in the period of King Yeongjo in the Joseon dynasty
  • Park Qin (1560–1597), military official and soldier in the mid Joseon Dynasty
  • Park Seo, military official in the late Goryeo Dynasty
  • Park Seo-yang (1885-1940), Korean early modern surgeon, doctor, chemist, and independence activist
  • Park Si-hyung (1910-2001), North Korean historian
  • Park Soon (?-1402), military general and politician in the late Goryeo Dynasty and early Joseon Dynasty
  • Park Tae-joon (1927–2011), South Korean business tycoon, war hero, political leader, and philanthropist
  • Park Un-chang (?-929?), 5th son of King Gyeongmyeong, 54th monarch of Silla during the Later Three Kingdoms period, and the first king of Husabeol
  • Park Yeon (born Jan Jansz Weltevree) (1595–?), Dutch sailor and government official during the Joseon Dinasty
  • Park Yeong-in (also known as Masami Kuni) (1908-2007), Korean-American dancer who acted as an intelligence agent for Japan while performing in Nazi Germany

Notable people of the recent times

Actors

Actresses

Athletes

Comedians

Directors

Literary figures

Politicians

Singers

Soldiers
  • General Park Jong Heon (Chief of Staff, Republic of Korea Air Force, 2010–2012)

Voice actors

Other

Fictional characters

See also

References
  1. "2015년 인구주택총조사 전수집계결과 보도자료" [Results of the 2015 Census of Population and Housing survey]. Korean Statistical Information Service. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  2. The National Folk Museum of Korea (2014). Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture. Vol. III. 길잡이미디어. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9788928900848.
  3. "Pak Hyeokgeose: the founder of the Silla kingdom was respected and courageous". Korea.net. September 24, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  4. 安, 英姬 (1969). "「閼英」의 發祥地「閼川」名義考". 아시아여성연구. 8: 139–155 – via DBpia. … “이에 관하여 梁柱東 博士는 「朴赫居世」의 「赫」을 「朴」의 註記로 보고 「朴」과 「赫」은 둘다 「ᄇᆞᆰ」의 表記로 疊記된 것으로 보았다.(2) [...] (1) 梁柱東 「國史古語彙 借字原義考〈國號•地名•始祖•官名•祭政•歌樂名등〉」(明大論文集 1), 1968, pp. 79~89參考[...] (2) 梁柱東, 註1書 p. 82參考”
  5. Nichols, Michelle (October 23, 2012). "U.N. chief to meet South Korean pop star, Austrian skydiver". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  6. "박" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  7. "박씨". Korea Economic Daily (in Korean). September 7, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  8. Kim, Jongseong (September 8, 2016). 신라 왕실의 비밀 [The secret of the Silla royal family] (in Korean). Korea: 역사의아침. ISBN 9791187493006.
  9. "日本書紀巻第六". seisaku.bz. 720. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  10. "新撰姓氏録". eonet.jp. 815. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
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