Ancient Paleo-Siberian

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient Paleo-Siberian (APS) or Paleo-Siberian is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 15th-10th millennia before present, in northern and northeastern Siberia. The Ancient Paleo-Siberian population is thought to have arisen from an Ancient East Asian lineage, which diverged from other East Asian populations sometimes between 26kya to 36kya, and subsequently migrated towards Northeastern Siberia, where they merged with the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) sometimes between 20kya to 25kya.[2][3][4] The source for the East Asian component among Ancient Paleo-Siberians is to date best represented by ancient northeast Asian populations older than 13,000 years from the Amur region, such as AR19K and AR14K, before the Devil's Cave Ancient Northeast Asian specimens.[5]

Phylogenetic position of the Paleo-Siberian lineage among other Eastern Eurasians.
The Ancient Paleo-Siberians ( ) formed from the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE,  ) and Ancient Northern East Asian ancestry (ANEA,  ), and are closely connected to the first wave of humans into the Americas.[1]
The Ancient Paleo-Siberians (APS) and contemporary cultures c. 20,000-10,000 BP
The Koryaks are closely related to the Ancient Paleo-Siberians.

The Ancient Paleo-Siberians are mainly defined by two human archaeological specimens: the 14,000-year-old Ust-Kyakhta-3 (UKY) specimen found near Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, and the 9-10,000-year-old Kolyma_M individual found in northeastern Siberia.[5] Specifically, the Lake Baikal Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) specimen (14,050-13,770 BP) was a mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.[1]

Technologically, Ancient Paleo-Siberians have been associated with microblade technologies and post-Last Glacial Maximum mammoth hunting.[5]

They were later largely replaced by waves of Neo-Siberians (perhaps associated with the spread of Uralic and Yukaghir languages) as well as Ancient Northeast Asians (probably associated with the spread of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages).[6]

The Ancient Paleo-Siberians are closely related to modern far-northeastern Siberia communities, such as the Koryaks, and to Native Americans.[7][8]

See also

References
  1. Yu et al. 2020.
  2. Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687.
  3. Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S. (January 2018). "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans". Nature. 553 (7687): 203–207. doi:10.1038/nature25173. ISSN 1476-4687.
  4. Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Dyakonov, Viktor M.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Malyarchuk, Boris A. (2022). "Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia". Humans in the Siberian Landscapes. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-3-030-90060-1. According to the latest paleogenetic data, East Asian populations migrated to Northeastern Siberia ca. 20,000–18,000 cal BP. The migration was accompanied by their mixing with the descendants of the "Ancient North Siberians", represented by the genome from the Yana and Malta individuals. These processes were reflected in the Beringian tradition's wide proliferation in the region and led to the emergence of several ancestral lineages (Fig. 1) in Extreme Northeastern Asia: the Ancient Paleosiberian population represented by the genome of the individual from Duvanny Yar, and the ancestral Native Americans. The latter type subsequently divided into the Ancient Beringians and all other Native Americans (Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018; Sikora et al. 2019).
  5. Mao 2021.
  6. Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David (2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. Most modern Siberian speakers of Neosiberian languages genetically fall on an East- West cline between Europeans and Early East Asians. Taking Even speakers as representatives, the Neosiberian turnover from the south, which largely replaced Ancient Paleosiberian ancestry, can be associated with the northward spread of Tungusic and probably also Turkic and Mongolic. However, the expansions of Tungusic as well as Turkic and Mongolic are too recent to be associable with the earliest waves of Neosiberian ancestry, dated later than ~11 kya, but discernible in the Baikal region from at least 6 kya onwards. Therefore, this phase of the Neosiberian population turnover must initially have transmitted other languages or language families into Siberia, including possibly Uralic and Yukaghir.

Sources
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