Political fragmentation

Political fragmentation is the fragmentation of the political landscape into different parties and groups, which makes it difficult to deliver effective governance.[1] Political fragmentation can apply to political parties, political groups or other political organisations.

Measures of political fragmentation

One aspect of political fragmentation can be measured by effective number of parties.[2]

Effects of political fragmentation

A higher number of parties allows voters to better represent their political spectrum of political positions. The length of government coalition formation increases with number of parties and decreases with preexisting political groups.[3] The effects of political fragmentation are of different importance, depending if the government or the opposition are fragmented.[4]

Prediction of political fragmentation

The political fragmentation, represented by effective number of parties, is roughly estimated with the seat product model,[5][6] and increases with district magnitude and assembly size. The Duverger's law predicts majoritarian elections with district magnitude of one favor a two-party system and proportional representation increases the number of parties. In proportional representation, higher electoral thresholds reduce number of parties represented while increasing unrepresented vote. Fragmentation tends to moves toward an equilibrium, regardless of the type of voting system.[7]

References
  1. The Age of Political Fragmentation, Richard H. Pildes, 2019
  2. "Election indices dataset, Gallagher, Michael, 2021".
  3. Coalition Bargaining Duration in Multiparty Democracies,2017, Alejandro Ecker, Thomas M. Meyer
  4. How much opposition? Political fragmentation and changes in democracy, Eltion Meka, 2021
  5. Taagepera, Rein (2007). "Predicting Party Sizes". Oxford University Press
  6. Yuhui Li, Matthew S. Shugart (2016) The Seat Product Model of the effective number of parties: A case for applied political science
  7. Dynamics in the fragmentation of political party systems, Stephen Coleman, 1995
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