Porphyromonas

Porphyromonas
	Colonies of Porphyromonas gulae growing on a TSA plate
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacteroidota
Class:	Bacteroidia
Order:	Bacteroidales
Family:	Porphyromonadaceae
Genus:	Porphyromonas; Shah and Collins 1988[1]
Type species
	Porphyromonas asaccharolytica[1];
Species
	P. asaccharolytica[1]; P. bennonis[1]; P. cangingivalis[1]; P. canoris[1]; P. catoniae[1]; P. circumdentaria[1]; P. crevioricanis[1]; P. endodontalis[1]; P. gingivalis[1]; P. gingivicanis[1]; P. gulae[1]; P. levii[1]; P. macacae[1]; P. pasteri[1]; P. pogonae[1]; P. somerae[1]; P. uenonis[1]
Synonyms[2]
	Oribaculum Moore and Moore 1994;

Porphyromonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family Porphyromonadaceae.[3][1][2][4] There were 16 different Porphyromonas species documented as of 2015, which reside in both animal and human reservoirs. [5] It was discovered more recently that Porphyromonas also exist in the environment, albeit to a lesser extent.[6] This genus is notably implicated in the modulation of oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract disease states.[5] It is suggested that Porphyromonas either operate as benign bacteria pertinent to host immunity or are potential pathobionts that opportunistically provoke diseased states when homeostasis is disrupted.[6] Despite its characterization not being fully elucidated due to sparse research, various studies report the prevalence of this genus at 58.7% in healthy states compared with 41.3% in diseased states.[6]

This genus was first reported in the oral cavity[5] and is found specifically in the salivary microbiome.[7] Porphyromonas are also commonly found in the microbiome of the human digestive tract, as shown by the Human Microbiome Project in general.[8][9][10]

Distribution of Species

While overlap exists between humans and animals in the distribution of Porphyromonas species, some species are more prevalent in each.[5]

Humans

P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. catoniae, P. pasteri, P. somerae, and P. uenonis[5]

Animals

P. cangingivalis, P. canoris, P. cansulsi, P. circumdentaria, P. crevioricanis, P. gingivicanis, P. salivosa, P. macacae, P. gulae, and P. levii[5] Porphyromonas genus is commonly found in healthy stallion semen <(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106568)>

Environment

Porphyromonas have been isolated from manmade and naturally occurring environments. Most of these species have been detected in manmade environments, including transportation systems, healthcare settings, and indoor facilities; Porphyromonas persist in naturally occurring environments such as air, soil, seawater, freshwater, agricultural sites, and alpine meadows to a lesser extent. Furthermore, waste-management sites are a pertinent source of environment-dwelling species.[6] Specific environmentally hosted strains have not been widely studied or identified.

Health Impacts

Oral Cavity

P. ginvigalis: a gram-negative anaerobe and pathological agent of periodontitis.[11]

Gastrointestinal Tract

Overabundance of this genus has been reported from the feces of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.[12]

Respiratory Tract

Porphyromonas increase has been associated with pulmonary tuberculosis lesions.[13]

Uterine Tract

P. levii: bacteria of high abundance in cows with uterine disease.[14]

Other

Alterations in Porphyromonas abundance have also been associated with various cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions,[6] vaginal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.[5]

Detection Methods

Porphyromonas is most commonly detected via utilization of 16s rRNA sequencing techniques.[15][16]

References

Parte, A.C. "Porphyromonas". LPSN.
"Porphyromonas". www.uniprot.org.
Summanen, Paula; Finegold, Sydney M. (1 January 2015). "Porphyromonas". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–14. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00246. ISBN 9781118960608.
Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Porphyromonas". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.8020.
Guilloux, Charles-Antoine; Lamoureux, Claudie; Beauruelle, Clémence; Héry-Arnaud, Geneviève (April 2021). "Porphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes". Anaerobe. 68: 102230. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 32615270. S2CID 220329292.
Acuña-Amador, Luis; Barloy-Hubler, Frédérique (December 2020). "Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Anaerobe. 66: 102280. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280. hdl:10669/81718. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 33011277. S2CID 222169436.
Wang, Kun; Lu, Wenxin; Tu, Qichao; Ge, Yichen; He, Jinzhi; Zhou, Yu; Gou, Yaping; Nostrand, Joy D Van; Qin, Yujia; Li, Jiyao; Zhou, Jizhong; Li, Yan; Xiao, Liying; Zhou, Xuedong (10 March 2016). "Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22943. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622943W. doi:10.1038/srep22943. PMC 4785528. PMID 26961389.
The Human Microbiome Project Consortium (June 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.
Segata, Nicola; Haake, Susan; Mannon, Peter; Lemon, Katherine P; Waldron, Levi; Gevers, Dirk; Huttenhower, Curtis; Izard, Jacques (2012). "Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples" (PDF). Genome Biology. 13 (6): R42. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r42. ISSN 1465-6906. PMC 3446314. PMID 22698087.
Faust, Karoline; Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah; Izard, Jacques; Segata, Nicola; Gevers, Dirk; Raes, Jeroen; Huttenhower, Curtis (2012-07-12). Ouzounis, Christos A. (ed.). "Microbial Co-occurrence Relationships in the Human Microbiome". PLOS Computational Biology. 8 (7): e1002606. Bibcode:2012PLSCB...8E2606F. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002606. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 3395616. PMID 22807668.
Mysak, Jaroslav; Podzimek, Stepan; Sommerova, Pavla; Lyuya-Mi, Yelena; Bartova, Jirina; Janatova, Tatjana; Prochazkova, Jarmila; Duskova, Jana (2014). "Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview". Journal of Immunology Research. 2014: 476068. doi:10.1155/2014/476068. ISSN 2314-8861. PMC 3984870. PMID 24741603.
Ahn, J.; Sinha, R.; Pei, Z.; Dominianni, C.; Wu, J.; Shi, J.; Goedert, J. J.; Hayes, R. B.; Yang, L. (18 December 2013). "Human Gut Microbiome and Risk for Colorectal Cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (24): 1907–1911. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt300. PMC 3866154. PMID 24316595.
Zhou, Yuhua; Lin, Feishen; Cui, Zelin; Zhang, Xiangrong; Hu, Chunmei; Shen, Tian; Chen, Chunyan; Zhang, Xia; Guo, Xiaokui (2015-05-22). "Correlation between Either Cupriavidus or Porphyromonas and Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Found by Analysing the Microbiota in Patients' Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0124194. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024194Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124194. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4441454. PMID 26000957.
Galvão, Klibs N.; Bicalho, Rodrigo C.; Jeon, Soo Jin (December 2019). "Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 102 (12): 11786–11797. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17106. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 31587913. S2CID 203848231.
Gabarrini, G.; Chlebowicz, M.A.; Vega Quiroz, M.E.; Veloo, A.C.M.; Rossen, J.W.A.; Harmsen, H.J.M.; Laine, M.L.; van Dijl, J.M.; van Winkelhoff, A.J. (2018-01-03). "Conserved Citrullinating Exoenzymes inPorphyromonasSpecies". Journal of Dental Research. 97 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1177/0022034517747575. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 29298553. S2CID 13878262.
Paster, B J; Dewhirst, F E; Olsen, I; Fraser, G J (February 1994). "Phylogeny of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. and related bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 176 (3): 725–732. doi:10.1128/jb.176.3.725-732.1994. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 205110. PMID 8300528.

Summanen, P. H.; Lawson, P. A.; Finegold, S. M. (19 June 2009). "Porphyromonas bennonis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (7): 1727–1732. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.001909-0. PMID 19542133.
LOVE, D. N.; KARJALAINEN, J.; KANERVO, A.; FORSBLOM, B.; SARKIALA, E.; BAILEY, G. D.; WIGNEY, D. I.; JOUSIMIES-SOMER, H. (1 April 1994). "Porphyromonas canoris sp. nov., an Asaccharolytic, Black-Pigmented Species from the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (2): 204–208. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-2-204. PMID 8186085.
Love, D. N.; Bailey, G. D.; Collings, S.; Briscoe, D. A. (1 July 1992). "Description of Porphyromonas circumdentaria sp. nov. and Reassignment of Bacteroides salivosus (Love, Johnson, Jones, and Calverley 1987) as Porphyromonas (Shah and Collins 1988) salivosa comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 42 (3): 434–438. doi:10.1099/00207713-42-3-434. PMID 1503973.
Lombardo Bedran, Telma Blanca; Marcantonio, Rosemary Adriana C.; Spin Neto, Rubens; Alves Mayer, Marcia Pinto; Grenier, Daniel; Spolidorio, Luis Carlos; Spolidorio, Denise Palomari (5 January 2012). "Porphyromonas endodontalis in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological cross-sectional study". Journal of Oral Microbiology. 4 (1): 10123. doi:10.3402/jom.v4i0.10123. PMC 4458513. PMID 26051327.
HIRASAWA, M.; TAKADA, K. (1 October 1994). "Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (4): 637–640. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-4-637. PMID 7981094.
Fournier, D.; Mouton, C.; Lapierre, P.; Kato, T.; Okuda, K.; Menard, C. (1 May 2001). "Porphyromonas gulae sp. nov., an anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus from the gingival sulcus of various animal hosts". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (3): 1179–1189. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-1179. PMID 11411686.
"Porphyromonas - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

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[Porphyromonas-1] Parte, A.C. "Porphyromonas". LPSN.

[UniProt-2] "Porphyromonas". www.uniprot.org.

[3] Summanen, Paula; Finegold, Sydney M. (1 January 2015). "Porphyromonas". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–14. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00246. ISBN 9781118960608.

[4] Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Porphyromonas". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.8020.

[:0-5] Guilloux, Charles-Antoine; Lamoureux, Claudie; Beauruelle, Clémence; Héry-Arnaud, Geneviève (April 2021). "Porphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes". Anaerobe. 68: 102230. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 32615270. S2CID 220329292.

[:1-6] Acuña-Amador, Luis; Barloy-Hubler, Frédérique (December 2020). "Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Anaerobe. 66: 102280. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280. hdl:10669/81718. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 33011277. S2CID 222169436.

[7] Wang, Kun; Lu, Wenxin; Tu, Qichao; Ge, Yichen; He, Jinzhi; Zhou, Yu; Gou, Yaping; Nostrand, Joy D Van; Qin, Yujia; Li, Jiyao; Zhou, Jizhong; Li, Yan; Xiao, Liying; Zhou, Xuedong (10 March 2016). "Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22943. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622943W. doi:10.1038/srep22943. PMC 4785528. PMID 26961389.

[8] The Human Microbiome Project Consortium (June 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.

[9] Segata, Nicola; Haake, Susan; Mannon, Peter; Lemon, Katherine P; Waldron, Levi; Gevers, Dirk; Huttenhower, Curtis; Izard, Jacques (2012). "Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples" (PDF). Genome Biology. 13 (6): R42. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r42. ISSN 1465-6906. PMC 3446314. PMID 22698087.

[10] Faust, Karoline; Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah; Izard, Jacques; Segata, Nicola; Gevers, Dirk; Raes, Jeroen; Huttenhower, Curtis (2012-07-12). Ouzounis, Christos A. (ed.). "Microbial Co-occurrence Relationships in the Human Microbiome". PLOS Computational Biology. 8 (7): e1002606. Bibcode:2012PLSCB...8E2606F. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002606. ISSN 1553-7358. PMC 3395616. PMID 22807668.

[11] Mysak, Jaroslav; Podzimek, Stepan; Sommerova, Pavla; Lyuya-Mi, Yelena; Bartova, Jirina; Janatova, Tatjana; Prochazkova, Jarmila; Duskova, Jana (2014). "Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview". Journal of Immunology Research. 2014: 476068. doi:10.1155/2014/476068. ISSN 2314-8861. PMC 3984870. PMID 24741603.

[Ahn2013-12] Ahn, J.; Sinha, R.; Pei, Z.; Dominianni, C.; Wu, J.; Shi, J.; Goedert, J. J.; Hayes, R. B.; Yang, L. (18 December 2013). "Human Gut Microbiome and Risk for Colorectal Cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (24): 1907–1911. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt300. PMC 3866154. PMID 24316595.

[13] Zhou, Yuhua; Lin, Feishen; Cui, Zelin; Zhang, Xiangrong; Hu, Chunmei; Shen, Tian; Chen, Chunyan; Zhang, Xia; Guo, Xiaokui (2015-05-22). "Correlation between Either Cupriavidus or Porphyromonas and Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Found by Analysing the Microbiota in Patients' Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0124194. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024194Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124194. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4441454. PMID 26000957.

[14] Galvão, Klibs N.; Bicalho, Rodrigo C.; Jeon, Soo Jin (December 2019). "Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 102 (12): 11786–11797. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17106. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 31587913. S2CID 203848231.

[15] Gabarrini, G.; Chlebowicz, M.A.; Vega Quiroz, M.E.; Veloo, A.C.M.; Rossen, J.W.A.; Harmsen, H.J.M.; Laine, M.L.; van Dijl, J.M.; van Winkelhoff, A.J. (2018-01-03). "Conserved Citrullinating Exoenzymes inPorphyromonasSpecies". Journal of Dental Research. 97 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1177/0022034517747575. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 29298553. S2CID 13878262.

[16] Paster, B J; Dewhirst, F E; Olsen, I; Fraser, G J (February 1994). "Phylogeny of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. and related bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 176 (3): 725–732. doi:10.1128/jb.176.3.725-732.1994. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 205110. PMID 8300528.