Pycnodontiformes

Pycnodontiformes is an extinct order of primarily marine bony fish. The group first appeared during the Late Triassic and disappeared during the Eocene. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America.[1] They were small to middle-sized fish, generally with laterally-compressed deep bodies, some with almost circular outlines,[2] adapted for manuverability in reef-like environments, though the group was morphologically diverse.[3] Most, but not all members of the groups had jaws with round and flattened teeth,[4] well adapted to crush food items (durophagy), such as echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs.[3] Some pyncodontiformes developed piranha like teeth used for eating flesh.[5][6] Most species inhabited shallow marine reef environments, while a handful of species lived in freshwater or brackish conditions. While rare during the Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic, Pycnodontiformes became abundant and diverse during the Late Jurassic, exhibitng a high but relatively static diversity during the Early Cretaceous. At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous they reached their apex of morphological and species diversity (much of this due to fossils found in Lebanon, such as Gebrayelichthyidae and Ichthyoceros), after which they began to gradually decline, with a more sudden decline at the end of the Cretaceous due to the collapse of reef ecosystems, finally becoming extinct during the Eocene. They are considered to belong to the Neopterygii, but their relationship to other members of that group is uncertain.[3]

Pycnodontiformes
Temporal range:
Gyrodus hexagonus
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Order: †Pycnodontiformes
Berg, 1937
Families
(see text)
Wikispecies has information related to Pycnodontiformes.

Taxonomy
  • Order Pycnodontiformes (Berg, 1937)[7][8]
    • Genus ?Acrorhinichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2015
    • Genus ?Archaeopycnodon Sanchez & Benedetto, 1980
    • Genus ?Athrodon le Sauvage 1880 non Osborn, 1887
    • Genus ?Callodus Thurmond, 1974
    • Genus ?Cosmodus le Sauvage, 1879 [Glossodus Costa, 1851 non Agassiz, 1828 ex Spix & Agassiz, 1829 non McCoy, 1848]
    • Genus ?Ellipsodus Cornuel, 1877
    • Genus ?Grypodon Hay, 1899 [Ancistrodon Dames, 1883 non De Beauvois, 1799 non Roemer, 1852 non Wagler, 1830]
    • Genus ?Mercediella Koerber, 2012 [Camposichthys Figueiredo & Silva-Santos, 1991 non Travassos, 1946 non Whitley, 1953]
    • Genus ?Piranhamesodon Kölbl-Ebert et al., 2018
    • Genus ?Pseudopycnodus Taverne, 2003
    • Genus ?Tergestinia Capasso, 2000
    • Genus ?Thurmondella Thurmond, 1974 non [Paramicrodon Thurmond, 1974 non de Meijere, 1913]
    • Genus ?Uranoplosus le Sauvage, 1879
    • Genus ?Woodthropea Swinnerton, 1925
    • Family ?Hadrodontidae Thurmond & Jones, 1981
      • Genus Hadrodus Leidy, 1858 [Propenser Applegate, 1970]
    • Family ?Gebrayelichthyidae Nursall & Capasso, 2004
      • Genus Gebrayelichthys Nursall & Capasso, 2004
      • Genus Maraldichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2014
    • Family ?Gladiopycnodontidae Taverne & Capasso, 2013
      • Genus Arduafrons Frickhinger, 1991
      • Genus Eomesodon Woodward, 1918
      • Genus Gladiopycnodus Taverne & Capasso, 2013
      • Genus Joinvillichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2014
    • Genus Micropycnodon Hibbard & Graffham, 1945 [Pycnomicrodon Hibbard & Graffham, 1941 non Hay, 1916]
      • Genus Monocerichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2013
      • Genus Pankowskichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2014
      • Genus Paramesturus Taverne, 1981
      • Genus Rostropycnodus Taverne & Capasso, 2013
      • Genus Stenoprotome Hay, 1903
    • Family Mesturidae Nursall, 1996
    • Family Gyrodontidae Berg, 1940
    • Family Brembodontidae Tintori, 1981 [Brembodidae; Gibbodontidae Tintori, 1981]
    • Family Coccodontidae Berg, 1940 [Trewavasiidae Nursall, 1996]
    • Family Pycnodontidae Agassiz, 1833 corrig. Bonaparte, 1845 [Nursalliidae Bloy, 1987; Sphaerodontidae Giebel, 1846; Palaeobalistidae Blot, 1987; Proscinetidae Gistel, 1848; Gyronchidae]
      • Genus Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002
      • Genus Anomiophthalmus Costa, 1856
      • Genus Anomoedus Forir, 1887
      • Genus Acrotemnus Agassiz 1836,
      • Genus Akromystax Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2005
      • Genus Coelodus Heckel, 1854
      • Genus Flagellipinna Cawley & Kriwet, 2019
      • Genus Macropycnodon Shimada, Williamson & Sealey, 2010
      • Genus Macromesodon Blake 1905 non Lehman, 1966 [Mesodon Wagner, 1851 non Rafinesque, 1821; Gyronchus Agassiz, 1839; Apomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002]
      • Genus Neoproseinetes De Figueiredo & Silva Santos, 1990
      • Genus Nursallia Blot, 1987
      • Genus Ocloedus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002
      • Genus Oropycnodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002
      • Genus Palaeobalistum Taverne et al., 2015
      • Genus Paranursallia Taverne et al., 2015
      • Genus Phacodus Dixon, 1850
      • Genus Polazzodus Poyoto-Ariza, 2010
      • Genus Polygyrodus White, 1927
      • Genus Potiguara Machado & Brito, 2006
      • Genus Proscinetes Gistl, 1848 [Microdon Agassiz, 1833 non Meigen, 1803 non Fritsch, 1876 non Conrad, 1842 non Gistl, 1848 non Dixon, 1850; Polypsephis Hay, 1899]
      • Genus Pycnomicrodon Hay 1916 non Hibbard & Graffham, 1941
      • Genus Pycnodus Agassiz, 1833
      • Genus Rhinopycnodus Taverne & Capasso, 2013
      • Genus Sphaerodus Agassiz, 1833
      • Genus Sphaeronchus Stinton & Torrens, 1967
      • Genus Stenamara Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2000
      • Genus Stemmatias Hay, 1899 [Stemmatodus St. John & Worthen, 1875 non Heckel, 1854 non]
      • Genus Stemmatodus Heckel, 1854 non St. John & Worthen, 1875 non
      • Genus Sylvienodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2013
      • Genus Tamanja Wenz, 1989
      • Genus Tepexichtys Applegate, 1992
      • Genus Tibetodus Young & Liu, 1954
      • Genus Turbomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2004 [Macromesodon Lehman, 1966 non Blake, 1905]
      • Genus Typodus Quenstedt, 1858
      • Genus Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002
    • Family incertae sedis
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References
  1. "Pycnodontiformes". Palaeos vertebrates. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  2. "Pycnodontid fishes from the Kansas Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  3. Cawley, John J.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2021). "Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1769–1796. doi:10.1002/ece3.7168. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7882952. PMID 33614003.
  4. McMenamin, M. A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.
  5. Kölbl-Ebert, Martina; Ebert, Martin; Bellwood, David R.; Schulbert, Christian (2018-11-05). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.
  6. Vullo, Romain; Cavin, Lionel; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Bardet, Nathalie; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Jourani, Essaid; Khaldoune, Fatima; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2017-07-28). "A unique Cretaceous–Paleogene lineage of piranha-jawed pycnodont fishes". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6802. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06792-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5533729. PMID 28754956.
  7. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
  8. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. L. Taverne; L. Capasso (2014). "Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres". Palaeontos. 25. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  10. Cooper, Samuel L.A.; Martill, David M. (August 2020). "A diverse assemblage of pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the mid-Cretaceous, continental Kem Kem Group of south-east Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 112: 104456. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104456.
  11. Cooper, S.L.A. and Martill, D.M. (2020). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco" Cretaceous Research 116, 104607
    • Capasso, Luigi (2021). "Pycnodonts: An overwiew and new insights in the Pycnodontomorpha Nursall, 2010". Occasional Paper of the University Museum of Chieti, Monographic Publication, 1: 1-223.

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

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