Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary

Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary (Spanish: Santuario de la naturaleza Carlos Anwandter) is protected wetland in Cruces River about 15 km (9 mi) north of Valdivia, Chile. The sanctuary is named after the German politician Carlos Anwandter who settled in Valdivia in 1850. This sanctuary provides a home for many native waterbird species to flourish, and contains roughly 119 species of birds alone.[5][6] The most numerous bird species in the sanctuary are the black-necked swans followed by coots.[7]

Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary
  • Santuario de la naturaleza Río Cruces Chorocomayo
  • Río Cruces y Chorocomayo Nature Sanctuary
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)[1]
Map showing the location of Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary
Map showing the location of Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary
Map of Chile
LocationLos Ríos Region, Chile
Nearest cityValdivia
Coordinates39.704°S 73.189°W / -39.704; -73.189[2]
Area4,877 ha (12,050 acres)
DesignationNature sanctuary
Designated1981
Official nameRío Cruces Chorocamayo Sanctuary
Designated27 July 1981
Reference no.222[4]

Despite being a nature sanctuary for the country of Chile under the National Monuments Act, it wasn't internationally recognized for its cultural and natural value until the Ramsar Wetlands Convention of 1971.[8] The Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary Management Plan was instated in 2016 by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) with financial aid from the Ramsar Convention.[8]

The invasive plant species Limnobium laevigatum is present in the sanctuary.[9]

Back-necked swan population

2004 pollution controversy

In 2004, the Valdivia Pulp Mill was opened in San José de la Mariquina 25 km (16 mi) northeast of the preserve near the Cruces River. The emblematic black-necked swans started at that time to die and migrate. The population shrank from about five thousand first to 942 in January 2005 and then to 291 in July 2005.[10][11]

In 2004 ecologists and academic staff from the Austral University of Chile in Valdivia accused the forestry enterprise Celulosa Arauco y Constitución (CELCO) of polluting the river. Swan autopsies revealed that their deaths were due to high levels of iron and dangerous metals in the water. The pulp mill was forced to close while the case was investigated.[8] Even in 2006, the Latin American water tribunal recommended closing down the mill.[5][12]

In the meantime, other hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dramatic decrease of the swan's population.[13]

CELCO was condemned in court in 2013.[10][11] The court ruling established that CELCO had to pay an indemnity if 2,600 million Chilean pesos millones to the state and pay another 2,600 millions for the establishment of community development programs.[11] The CELCO chose to not appeal the ruling.[11]

In the whole period between 2005 and 2011 the swan population did at most reach numbers slightly above 500 individuals.[11] By 2014 the swan population had recovered to more than 3,600 individuals, still about 1,500 birds less than in the years prior to the opening of the pulp mill.[10][11]

Changes after 2014

In April 2020 the a record of 21,123 black-necked swans were counted in the sanctuary.[7]

In June 2022 it was noticed by Conaf that the population of swans in the sanctuary had declined sharply from 22,419 in 2020 to 2,782.[14] No nests nor eggs were found in the surveys of the National Forest Corporation.[14]

The spread of American minks and incursions of South American sea lions to the sanctuary are thought to have had a negative impact on the swan populations.[14] In addition, the use of water scooters and the development of real estate projects around the sanctuary have also been posited as having a negative influence on the swan population.[14]

In March 2023 various cases of avian influenza were detected in the black-necked swan populations in the sanctuary prompting authorities to declare a "zoosanitary emergency".[15]

See also

References
  1. UNEP-WCMC (2023). Protected Area Profile for Río Cruces y Chorocomayo from the World Database on Protected Areas. Accessed 2 May 2023.
  2. "Carlos Anwandter Sanctuary Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)". protectedplanet.net.
  3. "Carlos Anwandter Sanctuary Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)". protectedplanet.net.
  4. "Carlos Anwandter Sanctuary". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  5. González, A.L.; Fariña, J.M. (2013). "Changes in the abundance and distribution of Black-necked swans (Cygnus melancoryphus) in the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary and adjacent wetlands, Valdivia, Chile". Waterbirds. 36 (4): 507–514. doi:10.1675/063.036.0408.
  6. World Wildlife Fund (28 November 2005). "Pulp Mill Devastates Swans' Sanctuary In Chile". Science Daily. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  7. Generación M. (2020-05-13). "Cifra record: contabilizan más de 21 mil cisnes de cuello negro en santuario de la naturaleza ubicado en Los Ríos". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  8. "Cerca de 90 personas asistieron a la segunda cuenta pública del Santuario Carlos Anwandter". National Forest Corporation official website. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  9. San Martín, Cristina; Contreras, Domingo; Vidal, Osvaldo; Solís, José Luis; Ramírez, Carlos (2021). "Distribución en Chile y colonización del río Cayumapu (Valdivia) por el macrófito acuático invasor Limnobium laevigatum" [Distribution in Chile and colonization in Cayumapu river (Valdivia) of the invasive aquatic macrophyte Limnobium laevigatum]. Gayana. Botánica (in Spanish). 78 (1).
  10. Cassinelli, Francisca. "¿Qué pasó con los cisnes de cuello negro en Valdivia después del desastre ecológico de 2004?". 24horas (in Spanish). Televisión Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  11. González, Karen; Roldán, Sebastián (2014-11-01). "A diez años de la muerte de los cisnes". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  12. "Guardaparques realizan labores de conservación natural y cultural del Santuario de la Naturaleza Río Cruces y Chorocamayo – Sitio Ramsar Carlos Anwandter". National Forest Corporation official website. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  13. WWF International Assessment Mission for the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary and CELCO pulp mill controversy in Valdivia, Chile (November 2005). "Findings and Recommendations Report" (PDF). WWF international website. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  14. Lara, Emilio; López, Carlos (2022-06-03). "Se desploma cantidad de cisnes de cuello negro en santuario de Valdivia: no hay nidos ni huevos". Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish).
  15. Salgado, Daniela; López, Carlos (2023-03-25). "Influenza aviar: declaran emergencia zoosanitaria por contagio de cisnes de cuello negro en Valdivia". Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-25.


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