Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)

With the volatile and politically unstable atmosphere of Central Europe in the inter-war years, the establishment of independent governments of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire in November 1918 would see the struggle to regain territories of the former empire. However, the Hungarian President of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, Mihály Károlyi, resigned within four months (on March 20, 1919) in favor of Béla Kun, a pro-Bolshevik who had been sent by Lenin, quickly seizing power and establishing a revolutionary government.

During the war, the Hungarian red army fought separate battles against troops from Czechoslovakia and Romania, while France was also highly involved[4] diplomatically in the conflicts, too. By its final stage, more than 120,000 troops on both sides were involved.

Appealing to Hungarians with promises of regaining the land lost to neighboring countries within a week of his rise to power, Kun declared war upon Czechoslovakia as Hungarian forces invaded Upper Hungary on May 20, capturing southern territories within weeks. In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from the just proclaimed Slovak Soviet Republic after having been given an ultimatum by France, together with a guarantee that Romanian forces would retreat from Tiszántúl.

The Romanians disregarded the guarantees of the French leadership and remained on the eastern banks of the Tisza River. The Hungarian government claiming to impose the will of the Allies on Romania, and seeing that diplomatic solutions would not compel them, resolved to clear the threat by military force once and for all. They planned to throw the Romanians out of Tiszántúl, destroy the Romanian army, and even retake Transylvania. However, the Hungarian offensive was defeated by the Romanian army, and despite all previous pledges, agreements, and guarantees, the Romanians crossed the river Tisza and quickly advanced towards Budapest. The Hungarian capital fell on August 4, only three days before Kun's escape to Vienna. The destruction of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Romanian occupation of parts of Hungary proper, including its capital Budapest in August 1919, ended the war. Romanian troops withdrew from Hungary in March 1920, after seizing large amounts of goods from Hungary, which they regarded as war reparations.[5][6][7]

See also 1918 occupation of Međimurje and Creation of Yugoslavia

Shortly after Kingdom of Serbia was liberated the new Banat republic was proclaimed on 1th of November, but beacuse it was not able to achieve control over most of the territory it claimed, and, because the Belgrade Agreement of 15 November 1918 and previous Allied mandates to Serbia had mandated it to be taken over, the Serbian Army entered western and central parts of Banat (including Temeschwar) and abolished the republic; the Romanian army entered the eastern part of the region. Bačka and Baranja were also handed over to provisional local Serbian administration that governed from Novi Sad.

Meanwhile a revolt erupted in several villages in the eastern Međimurje – and quickly spread across the region among the population. The next day the revolt wa supressed and some of the revolutionaries were exeuted. On 13th of November State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs launched an unsuccessfull attempt to capture Međimurje. Finally on December 24th already united Kingdom of Yugoslavia launched another offensive on Međimurje which was successful and Yugoslavia managed to take controll all over Međimurje. The fighting in the region ended after Yugoslav offensive.

On 29th of May the new Republic of Prekmurje was proclaimed which was invaded and occupied by Hungarian Soviet Republic one week after its independence. On 1th of August Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by Romanian forces and soon the Yugoslav Army marched into Prekmurje, ending communist rule there.

After Treaty of Trianon had assigned most of the Baranja region to Hungary, which led to massive protest and a group of people under painter Petar Dobrović to proclaim a Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic. This Republic lasted only a few days, and on 25 August 1921 it was invaded and annexed by Hungary, in accordance with Hungarian borders defined by the Treaty of Trianon.

Romanian artillery marching through Budapest

After the Hungarian–Romanian War, the country was totally defeated.

In the name of what they considered to be war reparations, the Romanian government requested the delivery of 50% of the country's rolling stock, 30% of its livestock, twenty thousand carloads of fodder, and even assessed payment for their expenditures.

By the beginning of 1920, they had seized much from Hungary, including food, trucks, locomotives and railroad cars, factory equipment, even the telephones and typewriters from government offices;[8] the Hungarians regarded these Romanian seizures as looting.[8] The Romanian occupation lasted for nearly six months.[9]

After the Romanian occupation, Miklós Horthy's "White Terror" was carried out in response to the previous "Red Terror". The Hungarians had to cede all war materials, except those weapons necessary for the troops under Horthy's command.

• Aftermath of World War I
• Hungarian Soviet Republic
• Miklós Horthy
• Austria-Hungary
• Béla Kun

• http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/czechhungary1919.htm