School uniforms in Myanmar

The White-Green (Burmese: အဖြူအစိမ်း) is the name, based on the colour code, for uniforms of both students and teachers of public schools in Myanmar. The uniform rule, mandated in 1966,[1] is mandatory[2] for both students and teachers in Myanmar's public schools. The non-State or private schools can have their own uniforms and be excluded from the mandate.

Boys in White-Green uniform going to school
Students at a Basic Education School (public school) in Myanmar

History

Before 1966, each school in Burma had its own uniform.

The "White-Green" is originally the uniform of Myoma Co-educational National High School Rangoon — white yinbon eingyi and green htamein for girls; white eingyi (dress shirt), Pinni taikpon eingyi and green pahso for boys.[3]

In 1965 and 1966, all the non-State (private, missionary, national, vernacular, special, etc.) schools were nationalized[4] and became State Schools. On 14 February 1966, the Revolutionary Government Educational Department promulgated a mandate for all the students and teachers in the whole of Burma to wear the same uniforms.[1]

Public school uniforms (White-Green)
The White-Green Uniforms (have many variations)
TypeWearer(s)MaleFemale
Primary School students'Students: Kindergarten, 1st Standard, 2nd Standard, 3rd Standard, 4th Standard.•Top: white dress shirt.
•Bottom: green pants.
•Footwear: shoes or male Burmese sandals.		•Top: white blouse
•Bottom: green skirt with or without green pants
(There are many variants with mixed designs)
•Footwear: shoes or female Burmese sandals.
Both students' and teachers'• Students: 5th Standard, 6th Standard, 7th Standard, 8th Standard, 9th Standard, 10th Standard.
• Teachers: All.		•Top: white dress shirt.
•Bottom: green pahso.
•Footwear: male Burmese sandals.		•Top: white Burmese blouse.
•Bottom: green htamein.
•Footwear: female Burmese sandals.
Typical for teachers,
Formal for students		• Students: All (only for formal wear).
• Teachers: All		•Top: white dress shirt with mandarin collar and (usually white) taikpon.
•Bottom: green pahso.
•Footwear: male Burmese sandals.		•Top: white Burmese blouse and green scarf
•Bottom: green htamein.
•Footwear: female Burmese sandals.

White dress shirt

The white dress shirt of White-Green uniforms has 4 variations.

Collar
• with English collar
• with mandarin collar (ကော်လံကတုံး)

Sleeves
• with short sleeves (လက်တို lit. 'short hand')
• with long sleeves (လက်ရှည် lit. 'long hand')

White Burmese blouse

The white Burmese blouse in White-Green uniforms has 6 variations.

Opening
• buttoned at the front (ရင်စေ့ lit. 'chest closing')
• buttoned at the side (ရင်ဖုံး lit. 'chest covering')

Sleeves
• with short sleeves (လက်တို lit. 'short hand')
• with three-quarter sleeves (လက်စက lit. 'middle-sized hand')
• with long sleeves (လက်ရှည် lit. 'long hand')

Green colour

Under the term "Green", these are the common variations of green used in school uniforms:        

Primary school girls' uniform design
Primary school student stunt with a special designed uniform in modern day

The uniform for primary school girls has many variant designs and styles.

Taikpon

These are common colour variations for taikpon used in schools:
• white  
• Pinni(ပင်နီ)  / / 
• latte  

Burmese sandals

The Burmese sandals or literally "clip footwears" are the most popular footwear to combine with traditional White-Green uniforms. They also have variations:

Type
• lacquer Burmese sandals
• velvet Burmese sandals

Colour
Lacquered ones are usually either black or brown.
Velvet ones vary substantially in colours.

Embroidered patches

Almost all public schools (except TTC Yangon) require that the school's name and badge be embroidered or sewn into the uniform either on both of the arm sleeves or on the left side of the chest (above the pocket for the shirts). Usually, the names of grades or standards and the class or section are also embroidered or sewn into the uniform on the left side of the chest. (The embroidered patches are only on the uniforms of students, not for teachers.)

Pin Badges

Notably, the Practising High School Kamayut (TTC) don't use embroidered patches, its students wear pin badge.

In all public schools, teachers wear a pin badge of the school's badge together with the school's name. Often, they also wear a pin of appointment.

Uniforms of public universities and colleges

In the Higher Education sector, not all universities require uniforms. The uniform rules vary according to each university or college, most don't even have them.

In universities, institutes, and colleges that require uniforms

Universities of Education (UOEs), Education Colleges (ECs), Education Degree Colleges (EDCs), and University for Development of National Races (UDNR) adopted the traditional White-Green uniforms as the uniform their students, as their students are pre-service trainees to become school teachers.[5]

Universities of Nursing (UONs) use the White-Red[6] uniform of Nursing in Myanmar as the uniform of their students, who will become nurses.

The students' uniforms of Technological Universities (TUs) are white shirts and blue-black pahso for boys, and white blouses and blue-black htamein for girls.[7] The General Technological Institutes (GTIs) used the same uniforms before changing in 2016, after which their uniform became white shirts and black-blue trousers for both genders.[7]

The uniforms for students of the Universities of Computer Studies (UCSs) are white shirts and blue pahso for boys, white Burmese blouses and blue htamein for girls. [8]

The uniforms of Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University (MAEU) are white shirts with sky blue neckties and stylepant for boys, white shirts, and khaki skirts for girls. [9]

The uniforms of Myanmar Maritime University (MMU) and Myanmar Mercantile Marine College (MMMC) are the uniforms of Myanmar seafarers plus a necktie, as their students will become seafarers.

In universities and colleges that do not require uniform

In 2004, a dress code was imposed for university and college students, to wear a white shirt/blouse and longyi (pahso / htamein), and not to wear a T-shirt and jeans as they're banned.[10] But this dress code has been loosened later.

Uniforms of private schools, universities, and colleges

The socialist Revolutionary Government, in 1965 and 1966, nationalized the private schools[4] that once had their own uniforms. Then, it made the White-Green as the uniform of all the schools starting in 1966.[1]

The Ministry of Education of the SPDC Government were allowed to open private schools starting in 2010.[11] The new private schools can use either the White-Green uniform or any uniform of their own style.

References
  1. စံပြဗဟုသုတဘဏ် [Standard Knowledge Bank] (in Burmese). Vol. 1. စံပြစာတည်းအဖွဲ့. 1970. p. 42.
  2. "Myanmar Times & Business Reviews". Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  3. ဒေါက်တာသန်းဦး (2020). "နှစ်တစ်ရာပြည့် မြို့မအမျိုးသားကျောင်း" [One Hundred Years Old Myoma National School]. Myanmar Digital News (in Burmese).
  4. Thet Ko Ko (2020). "The Day Myanmar's Socialist Govt Nationalized Missionary and Private Schools".
  5. Joanna Washington (2017). "အရည်အချင်းပြည့် ဆရာ ဆရာမများ မွေးထုတ်လိုလျှင်" [If want to cultivate skillful teachers]. Myanmar Times.
  6. Ei Shwe Phyu (2017). "A review of education sector in 2017". Myanmar Times (in Burmese).
  7. TU Arkar Min; နောင်ခန့်(မော်လမြိုင်) (2016). "မော်လမြိုင် GTI ကျောင်းတွင် ကျောင်းဝတ်စုံပြောင်းလဲ သတ်မှတ်လိုက်သော်လည်း မော်လမြိုင် TU တွင် အစီစဉ်မရှိသေးဟုဆို" [Despite Mawlamyein GTI changed its uniform, Mawlamyein TU don't have any plan]. Thanlwintimes (in Burmese).
  8. "UCSMTLA IT CAMP 2018". University of Computer Studies,Meiktila (in Burmese). University of Computer Studies,Meiktila. 2018.
  9. မင်းထက်ပြည့်စုံ (2018). "လေကြောင်းနှင့်အာကာသ တက္ကသိုလ်(Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University)". ပန်းတိုင် map (in Burmese).
  10. "New Dress Code for Burmese Students". The Irrawaddy. 2004.
  11. Ahunt Phone Myat (2009). "Burma to open private schools and hospitals".
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