Vaal–Orange language

Vaal–Orange, also known as Seroa, is an extinct ǃKwi language of South Africa and Lesotho. It comprised the ǂUngkue dialect (also rendered ǂKunkwe) of the Warrenton area, recorded by Carl Meinhof, and the ǁŨǁʼe dialect (also rendered ǁKu-ǁʼe or ǁKuǁe),[2] spoken near Theunissen and Bethany in South Africa and into Lesotho, recorded by Dorothea Bleek.[3]

Vaal–Orange
Seroa
RegionSouth Africa, Lesotho
ExtinctLate 20th century[1]
Tuu
  • ǃKwi
    • Vaal–Orange
Dialects
  • ǂUngkue
  • ǁŨǁʼe
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
gku – ǂUngkue
kqu – Seroa (partial: ǁŨǁʼe)
Glottologkuee1238  ǁKuǁe
vaal1235  Vaal–Orange

The name "Vaal–Orange" comes from the Vaal and Orange Rivers, which converge where ǂUngkue dialect was spoken. Seroa is the Sesotho name, literally "language of the Baroa (Bushmen)".

Like ǀXam, ǂUngkue used 'inclusory' pronouns for compound subjects:

ǃhoeti

lion

nan

and

koro

jackal

nan

and

tuē

ostrich

n

they

a

?PAST

‖ʼa

go

ǃhoeti nan koro nan tuē n a ‖ʼa

lion and jackal and ostrich they ?PAST go

'The lion and jackal and ostrich, they went'. (Meinhof 1929)

References
  1. ǂUngkue at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
    Seroa (partial: ǁŨǁʼe) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
  2. Distinguish ǁNg ǃʼe, a form of Nǁng, and Nǀhuǁéi, which is a variety of Taa.
  3. Tom Güldemann (2011) "The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu: ǃUi, Taa or neither?"

Sources


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