Shungura Formation

Shungura Formation
Shungura Formation
Stratigraphic range: Piacenzian-Gelasian
	Lower Valley of the Omo
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Omo Group
Underlies	Kalam Formation
Overlies	Mursi Formation
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, siltstone
Other	Claystone, tuff
Location
Coordinates	5.1°N 36.0°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	5.8°N 36.1°E
Country	Ethiopia
Extent	Omo Subbasin; Turkana Basin
	Shungura Formation (Ethiopia)

The Shungura Formation is a stratigraphic formation located in the Omo river basin in Ethiopia. It dates to the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. Oldowan tools have been found in the formation, suggesting early use of stone tools by hominins. Among many others, fossils of Panthera were found in Member G of the formation.[1][2]

Geology

The formation comprises sandstones, siltstones, claystones and tuff, deposited in a fluvial to deltaic lacustrine environment.

Paleobiota

Fossil content

Among many others, the following fossils have been reported from the formation:[3][4][5][6][7][8]

[9][10][11]

Mammals

Chiroptera

Bats of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Hipposideros	H. kaumbului
Taphozous	T. abitus

Rodents

Rodents of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Aethomys	A. deheinzelini
Arvicanthis	A. sp.
Acomys	A. sp.
Gerbillus	G. sp.
Heterocephalus	H. atikoi
Jaculus	J. orientalis
Mastomys	M. minor
Paraxerus	P. ochraceus
Pelomys	P. sp.
Saidomys	S. sp.
Tatera	T. sp.
Xerus	X. sp.

Lagomorphs

Lagomorphs of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Lepus	L. capensis

Eulipotyphla

Eulipotyphlas of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Crocidura	C. aithiops

Perissodactyls

Chalicotheres

Chalicotheres of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Ancylotherium	A.hennigi

Rhinocerotidae

Rhinocerotidaes of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratotherium	C. simum
Diceros	D. bicornis

Equidae

Equids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Equus	E. oldowayensis
Eurygnathohippus	E. libycum
Hipparion	H. sitifense

Artiodactyls

Bovids

Bovids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Aepyceros	A. shungurae
Antidorcas	A. recki
Gazella	G. praethomsoni
Kobus	K. ancystrocera
	K. ellipsiprymnus
	K. oricornis
	K. sigmoidalis
Megalotragus	M. sp.
Menelikia	M. lyrocera
Pelorovis	P. sp.
Redunca	Redunca sp.
Syncerus	Syncerus cf. acoelotus
Tragelaphus	T. gaudryi
Tragelaphus	T. nakuae

Camelids

Camels of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Camelops	C. grattardi
Camelus	C. sp.

Hippopotamidae

Hippopotamids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Hexaprotodon	H. protoamphibius
Hexaprotodon	H. shungurensis
Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus protoamphibius

Suidae

Suids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Kolpochoerus	K. limnetes
Metridiochoerus	M. jacksoni
Metridiochoerus	M. modestus
Notochoerus	N. euilus
Notochoerus	N. scotti
Nyanzachoerus	N. kanamensis

Carnivora

Carnivorans of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Enhydriodon	E. omoensis[12]				Enhydriodon omoensis right femur faced at different sides.
Dinofelis	D. sp.
Helogale	H. hirtula
Homotherium	H. aethiopicum

Hyracoidea

Hyraxes of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Gigantohyrax	G. maguirei

Proboscideans

Proboscideans of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Loxodonta	L. adaurora
Loxodonta	L. exoptata
Palaeoloxodon recki	P. r. shungurensis				Life restoration of Palaeoloxodon recki

Primates

Cercopithecidae

Cercopithecids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Dinopithecus	D. sp.
Paracolobus	P. mutiwa
Rhinocolobus	R. turkanaensis
Theropithecus	T. brumpti
Theropithecus	T. oswaldi

Hominins

Homonids of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Australopithecus	A. sp.
Paranthropus	P. aethiopicus
Paranthropus	P. boisei

Reptiles

Euthecodon Brumpti

Fish

Fish of the Shungura Formation
Taxa	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Auchenoglanis	Auchenoglanis sp.
Clarias	Clarias sp.
Gymnarchus	Gymnarchus sp.
Polypterus	Polypterus bichir
Sindacharax	S. greenwoodi
Sindacharax	S. omoensis
Synodontis	S. frontosus
Synodontis	S. schall

References

Sabol, 2011, p.230
Boaz, N. T., Howell, F. C., & McCrossin, M. L. (1982). Faunal age of the Usno, Shungura B and Hadar Formations, Ethiopia. Nature, 300(5893), 633–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/300633A0
ETE Locality 807, Omo - member G at Fossilworks.org
ETE Locality 860, Omo - member C at Fossilworks.org
ETE Locality 486, Omo - O.75 at Fossilworks.org
ETE Locality 452, Omo - O.81, P.928 at Fossilworks.org
ETE Locality 363, Omo - L.28 at Fossilworks.org
ETE Locality 835, Omo - member G5 at Fossilworks.org
Stewart, Kathlyn & Murray, Alison. (2008). Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia. Geobios - GEOBIOS-LYON. 41. 283-295. 10.1016/j.geobios.2007.06.004.
Boaz, N. T., Howell, F. C., & McCrossin, M. L. (1982). Faunal age of the Usno, Shungura B and Hadar Formations, Ethiopia. Nature, 300(5893), 633–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/300633A0
Sillen, A. (1986). Biogenic and Diagenetic Sr/Ca in Plio-Pleistocene Fossils of the Omo Shungura Formation. Paleobiology, 12(3), 311–323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2400437
Grohé, Camille & Uno, Kevin & Boisserie, Jean-Renaud. (2022). Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new insights into the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Turkana otters. 21. 681-705. 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a30.

Bibliography

Sabol, Martin. 2011. Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids. Quaternaire 4. 229–236. Accessed 2018-09-02.

L. Bobe and M. Mabela. 1997. Incidence of four gastrointestinal parasite worms in the group of cricetomas, Lukaya-Democratic Republic of Congo. Tropicultura 15(3):132-135
C. S. Churcher and D. A. Hooijer. 1980. The Olduvai Zebra (Equus oldowayensis) from the later Omo beds, Ethiopia. Zoologische Mededelingen 55(22):265-280
Y. Coppens and F. C. Howell. 1985. Les Faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de las Basse Vallee de l'Omo (Ethiopie), Tome 1: Perissodactyls, Artiodactyls (Bovidae). Cahiers de Paleontologie, Editions du CNRS, Paris
G. Eck. 1977. Diversity and frequency distributions of Omo Group Cercopithecidae. Journal of Human Evolution 6:55-63
C. S. Feibel, F.H. Brown, and I. McDougall. 1989. Stratigraphic Context of Fossil hominids from the Omo Group Deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:595-622
J. de Heinzelin. 1983. The Omo Group: Archives of the International Omo Research Expedition. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Series 8, Tervuren, Belgique 85
F. C. Howell and Y. Coppens. 1973. Inventory of remains of Hominidae from Pliocene and Pleistocene formations of the lower Omo Basin, Ethiopia (1967-1972). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:1-16
M. G. Leakey. 1982. Extinct large Colobines from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58:153-172
2015 - Thomas W. Plummer, Joseph V. Ferraro, Julien Louys, Fritz Hertel, Zeresenay Alemseged, René Bobe, L. C. Bishop - Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia
1979 - Robert J. Rogers & Francis H. Brown - Authigenic mitridatite from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia
G. Suwa, T. D. White, and F. Clark Howell. 1996. Mandibular postcanine dentition from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia: Crown morphology, taxonomic allocations and Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101:247-282
Vickers-Rich, Patricia & Rich, Thomas Hewett (1993); Wildlife of Gondwana. Reed. ISBN 0-7301-0315-3
H. B. Wesselman. 1984. The Omo Micromammals: Systematics and Paleoecology of Early Man Sites from Ethiopia. Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 17

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[Sabol2011_p230-1] Sabol, 2011, p.230

[2] Boaz, N. T., Howell, F. C., & McCrossin, M. L. (1982). Faunal age of the Usno, Shungura B and Hadar Formations, Ethiopia. Nature, 300(5893), 633–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/300633A0

[3] ETE Locality 807, Omo - member G at Fossilworks.org

[4] ETE Locality 860, Omo - member C at Fossilworks.org

[5] ETE Locality 486, Omo - O.75 at Fossilworks.org

[6] ETE Locality 452, Omo - O.81, P.928 at Fossilworks.org

[7] ETE Locality 363, Omo - L.28 at Fossilworks.org

[8] ETE Locality 835, Omo - member G5 at Fossilworks.org

[9] Stewart, Kathlyn & Murray, Alison. (2008). Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia. Geobios - GEOBIOS-LYON. 41. 283-295. 10.1016/j.geobios.2007.06.004.

[10] Boaz, N. T., Howell, F. C., & McCrossin, M. L. (1982). Faunal age of the Usno, Shungura B and Hadar Formations, Ethiopia. Nature, 300(5893), 633–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/300633A0

[11] Sillen, A. (1986). Biogenic and Diagenetic Sr/Ca in Plio-Pleistocene Fossils of the Omo Shungura Formation. Paleobiology, 12(3), 311–323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2400437

[12] Grohé, Camille & Uno, Kevin & Boisserie, Jean-Renaud. (2022). Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new insights into the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Turkana otters. 21. 681-705. 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a30.