Służewiec

Służewiec[lower-alpha 1] is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Mokotów.[1] The neighbourhood consists of the residential apartments, and the office buildings, containing one of the biggest complexes of office buildings in Poland, and one of the most important office centres in the city.[2][3] It contains many headquarters of branches of many domestic and multinational corporations.[4][5]

Służewiec
Neighbourhood and City Information System area
Domaniewska Street in Służewiec, in 2020.
Domaniewska Street in Służewiec, in 2020.
Location of Służewiec within the district of Mokotów, in accordance to the City Information System.
Location of Służewiec within the district of Mokotów, in accordance to the City Information System.
Coordinates: 52°10′37″N 21°00′27″E
Country Poland
VoivodeshipMasovian
City countyWarsaw
DistrictMokotów
Municipal neighbourhoodSłużewiec Południowy
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code+48 22

The name of Służewiec was first attested in documentation in 1378, and it functioned as a small village until 1938, when it was incorporated into the city of Warsaw.[6][7][8] It was mostly destroyed in 1944, during the Second World War, and initially re-developed as a major industrial district, known as Służewiec Przemysłowy (Industrial Służewiec), in the 1950s. In the 1990s, the industry had stopped being present in the area, with the neighbourhood developing into an office centre, becoming one of the biggest of this kind, both in the city, and in Poland.[4]

The southern portion of Służewiec is part of the municipal neighbourhood of Służewiec Południowy (South Służewiec), governed by the neighbourhood council.[9][10]

Characteristics

Housing and business
Trinity Park III, the headquarters of Polish branch of Ringier Axel Springer Media, located as 49 Domaniewska Street.

Służewiec consists of the residential apartments, and the office buildings. It contains one of the biggest complexes of office buildings in Poland, with 83 office buildings within its boundaries in 2019.[2][3] Many of them include headquarters of many domestic companies, and branches of many multinational corporations.[4][5]

According to the estimates, to the area of office buildings in Służewiec and the western portion of the nearby Ksawerów, commutes between 80 and 100 thousand employees, and 87% of the employees of the corporations are aged between 20 and 39 years, with the largest group (39%), being between 26 and 30 years.[5] The huge amount of people commuting to and from the area every day, together with local road systems not designed for such number of vehicles, is causing massive traffic congestion, as well as lack of parking spaces. Many candidates cite difficulties in commute, as main reason for turning down offers to work in the area.[11][12]

Area of "Mordor"
Main article: Mordor, Warsaw
The street signs in Służewiec, with the names of Tolkiena and Gandalfa Streets.

The area of the complex of the office buildings within Służewiec and the western portion of the nearby Ksawerów is colloquially referred to as Mordor, and Mordor in Domaniewska. Its boundaries are commonly accepted to be Cybernetyki, Domaniewska, Marynarska, and Wołoska Streets.[4][13][14]

The name was given to the area, due to terrible traffic congestion present in the area, in the reference to Mordor, a fictional location, and personification of evil, from the 1954–1955 fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings written by J. R. R. Tolkien.[4] The name had been popularized by Facebook fan page titled Mordor na Domaniewskiej (translation from Polish: Mordor in Domaniewska), established in 2013, by one of the employees from the area. In 2018, the fansite had gained 100 000 followers.[15][16] In the city is also published magazine Głos Mordoru (translation from Polish: The Voice of Mordor), addressed to the employees of the corporations from the area.[17]

There were several attempts to make Mordor the officially recognized name of the area. In 2015, its supporters had hang a street sign with name Mordor in the area, which however quickly taken down by the authorities.[18] In 2018, the local inhabitants had proposed via the participatory budgeting, the recognition of the name, which however was not approved.[19] Since 2015, the name is accepted in the search of the Google Maps.[20]

On 12 December 2020, following the petition of local inhabitants, two small streets in the neighbourhood of Służewiec were named in reference to Mordor. One of them is J. R. R. Tolkiena Street,[lower-alpha 2] named after J. R. R. Tolkien, and which goes perpendicularly to the south from Suwak Street. The other is Gandalfa Street,[lower-alpha 3] named after Gandalf, one of main characters from Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and which goes perpendicularly to the north from Konstruktorska Street. Both roads meet in their middle, forming a crossing. They were originally intended to be named Pirytowa and Tytanowa Streets; however, the local council people had decided to name them in reference to Tolkien, following the petitioning of the local population.[21][22][23]

Education and science
The building of the Faculty of Management of the University of Warsaw in 2022.

In Służewiec are located the Faculty of Applied Linguistics, and the Faculty of Management of the University of Warsaw.[24][25] There is also located the Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials of the Łukasiewicz Research Network, a national research institute of processing of nonmetal resources, including the manufacture of ceramics and building materials, mineral binding agents, and concrete.[26]

Goverment buildings
The headquarters building of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, located in Służewiec, in 2011.

In Służewiec are located headquarters of a few government agencies of Poland. Among them are the Institute of National Remembrance,[27] National Appeals Chamber,[28] and the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management.[29]

Public transit and transportation infrastructure
The Warszawa Służewiec railway stop in 2018.

In Służewiec area located the Mokotów tram depot, and the Woronicza bus depot.[30][31] Since 2019, in Mokotów tram depot functions the Tram Tradition Chamber, the museum of the Warsaw Trams.[32]

In the area is also located the Warszawa Służewiec, a railway stop at the railway line no. 8 between stations Warszawa Zachodnia and Kraków Główny, operated by the Polish State Railways.[33] In 2021, it was used by 657 000 passengers, with average number of passengers each day being 1 800.[34]

The area of Służewiec is regularly sight of massive traffic congestion, caused by between 80 and 100 thousand employees commuting to the area every day, via the local local road systems not designed for such number of vehicles. It also causes lack of parking spaces.[11][12]

Religion
The parish church of the Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Parish of St. Maximilian Kolbe in Służewiec, in 2019.

In Służewiec is located the church building of the Roman Catholic Parish of St. Maximilian Kolbe. The parish is named after Maximilian Kolbe. Its parish church had been build between 1979 and 1988, and operates since 1999. It was designed by Wojciech Kowalczyk and Andrzej Ustian, with intention to resemble the Auschwitz concentration camp, where Maximilian Kolbe had died in 1941. In front of the church is placed the cross, in front of which, on 2 June 1979 at the Piłsudski Square, Pope John Paul II had organized his first mass during his first visit to Poland.[35]

Nature

Historically, though area of Służewiec went Sadurka stream, which formed the Służew Valley. The stream no longer exist, with its remaining portions forming Służewiec Stream, which does not go through the neighborhood. The course of the stream had been artifially altered between the 1920s and the 1930s, by being channeled though canals, to omit the area.[36][37]

History

Służewiec was settled alongside the Sadurka stream in the Służew Valley.[36][37]

The oldest known mention of Służewiec in documentation comes from 1378. In said documents, it was listed as one of 17 villages of the landed property of Służewo. It was a village attached to nearby village of Służewo (currently known as Służew), and was listed to have an area of 9 voloks (equivalent to 1.616 km² or 0.624 square miles), making it the biggest on the list.[6] In 1411, the village was given the Kulm law privileges by duke Janusz I of Warsaw, ruler of the Duchy of Warsaw.[38] By 1580, it had the status of zaścianek, a village inhabited by the petty nobility of the Kingdom of Poland, and was administratively part of the Warsaw Land, within the Masovian Voivodeship.[39] In 1678, Służewiec and Służewo were bought by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski becoming part of his landed property.[6]

The building of the Fort VIIA "Służewiec" in 2010.

In 1886, the Fort VIIA "Służewiec" had been build in the village, as part of the series of fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, build around Warsaw by the Imperial Russian Army. The objective of the fort had been the protection of road leading to town of Puławy, now being the Puławska Streen. In 1909, it was decided to decommission and demolish the fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, due to the high costs of their maintenance, and as such the Fort VIIA had been partially demolished in 1913.[40] The building is currently located within the modern borders of Służew, within a neighbourhood of Służew Fort.[41]

From 1867 to 1938, Służewiec was part of the municipality (gmina) of Wilanów. Since 20 October 1933, functioned as one of its 18 gromadas (village assemblies).[42]

In 1925, the Society of Horse Breeding Promotion in Poland (Polish: Towarzystwo Zachęty do Hodowli Koni w Polsce) had bought an area of 1.5 km² (0.58 square miles), on which they begun the construction of the Służewiec Horse Race Track, which was opened in 1939.[43][44]

Between the 1920s and 1930s, the course of the Sadurka stream, which went through Służewiec, had been artificially altered to omit the area.[36][37]

On 27 September 1938, Służew and Służewiec were incorporated into the city of Warsaw.[7][8] The area had been destroyed in 1944 by the Nazi Germany, during the Second World War, as part of the destruction of Warsaw. The only surviving historical structure is a small Roman Catholic shrine located at the Bokserska Street.[4]

The general view of Służewiec Przemysłowy in the 1970s.[45]

In 1951, the area of Służewiec and Zbarż, had been designated as the industrial area of the Industrial–Storage District of Służewiec (Polish: Dzielnica Przemysłowo-Składowa „Służewiec”), later known as Służewiec Przemysłowy (Industrial Służewiec).[44][46][47] It was planned to construct 60 factories and industrial plants in the area, as well as residential buildings for 26 thousand people. The buildings were constructed in the large panel system technique, marking it as one of the first instances of such system being used in Poland.[44] The designated area covered around 2.6 km² (1 sq mi).[47] The construction begun in 1952.[48] In the early 1970s, in the industrial area worked around 20 000 people.[47] The corporations in the area were: the Tewa Semiconductors Factory (Polish: Fabryka Półprzewodników „Tewa”, Lifting Devices Factories (Polish: Zakłady Urządzeń Dźwigowych), Elwa Radio Components Factory (Polish: Fabryka Podzespołów Radiowych „Elwa”), Radio Cenamics Plants (Polish: Zakłady Ceramiki Radiowej), and Służewiec Meat-Packing Factories (Polish: Zakłady Mięsne „Służewiec”).[47]

The residential building at 4 Kolady Street in 2021, one of the buildings of the neighbourhood of Służewiec-Prototypy built in the 1960s.

Between 1960 and 1965, in the south east portion of Służewiec, were constructed the residential neighbourhood of Służewiec-Prototypy, consisting of the apartment buildings.[49] It was designed to be a place to test new architectural ideas, including testing the functionality of the large panel system-building technology.[50] The construction process, and its observation, allowed to test, observe, and improve, various techniques and technologies, which would be used in the future projects.[51] It was the first neighbourhood of such kind in Poland, and with an area of 122 000 m² (145911 yards), also the biggest in the country.[50] It was designed to house between 17 and 20 000 people, mostly, the factory workers, of the nearby Służewiec industrial district.[50][49] The neighbourhood was designed with the idea, that the factory workers should be able to get to their jobs on foot. The main architects of the project were Jerzy Skrzypczak, Urszula Ciborowska, Aleksander Łyczewski, and Zdzisław Łuszczyński, from Biuro Projektów Typowych, and Studia Budownictwa Miejskiego. The city transportation was designed by Bohun Zwoliński, and greenspaces, by Barbara Tucholska.[50] On 4 July 1967, the nieghbourhood had been assigned to the urbanistic region of Służew.[52] Currently, it is part of the City Information System area Służew.[1]

On 4 October 1996, the district of Mokotów had been subdivided into areas of the City Information System, with area of Służewiec being one of them. Some historical parts of Służewiec had been included within the areas of Służew and Ksawerów.[53] On 28 June 2001 had been established the municipal neighbourhood of Służewiec Południowy (South Służewiec), governed by the neighbourhood council. It covers area of southern Służewiec and south-eastern Służew.[9][10]

The complex of office buildings of Mokotów Business Park, built between 1995 and 2001, in Służewiec, in 2020.

In the 1990s, the industrial activity in the area of Służewiec Przemysłowy and nearby western part of Ksawerów, went to a hold. As such, it had caused the appearance on the real estate market of huge and developed estates, located near the city centre and the Warsaw Chopin Airport. It had then contributed to the development of business industry in the area, and eventually leading to the creation of the biggest complex of office buildings in Poland. One of the first of new infestations in the area was the construction of Curtis Plaza office building in 1992, located at 18 Wołoska Street.[3] From 1995 to 2001, in the area had been build the complex of office buildings known as Mokotów Business Park, located in the area of Domaniewska and Postępu Streets.[54] In 2000, in the area had been opened Westfield Mokotów (originally known as Galeria Mokotów), one of the biggest shopping centres in the city.[55] By 2019, in the area had been build 83 office buildings.[2] They were mostly built without city oversight, and contributed to the development of the office monoculture.[12] In 2019, the area began losing its status of office centre, to the district of Wola.[2]

Location, administrative boundaries and subdivisions

Służewiec is located within the south-western portion of the district of Mokotów, in the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is a City Information System area. To the north, its border is determined by Woronicza Street. To the east, by Wołoska Street, and Obrzeżna Street. To the south, by Bokserska Street, and around the car park of the building at 66 Bokserska Street. To the west by the railway line no. 8.[1]

It borders Wyględów to the north, Wierzbno to the north-east, Ksawerów, and Służew to the east, Wyczółki to the south, and Okęcie to the west. Its southern and western boundaries form the border of the district of Mokotów, bordering districts of Ursynów to the south, and Włochy to the west.[1]

The southern portion of Służewiec is part of the municipal neighbourhood of Służewiec Południowy (South Służewiec), governed by the neighbourhood council. The boundary of Służewiec Południowy with the rest of Służewiec, is determent by the Marynarska Street. Portion of Służewiec Południowy is located in the nearby area of Służew.[9][10]

Citations

Notes
  1. Polish pronunciation: [swuʐɛviet͡s]
  2. Polish: ulica J.R.R. Tolkiena, literally: J. R. R. Tolkien Street
  3. Polish: ulica Gandalfa, literraly: Gandalf Street

References
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  2. Adam Roguski. Mordor na nowo: dla jednych nakłady, dla innych okazje. In: Rzeczpospolita, p. A20, 19–20 June 2019. (in Polish)
  3. Marta Leśniakowska: Architektura w Warszawie 1989−2001. Warsaw: Arkada Pracownia Historii Sztuki, 2002, p. 206. ISBN 83-908950-5-6. (in Polish)
  4. Monika Golonka (10 April 2021). "Mordor na Domaniewskiej. Jak powstało najsłynniejsze zagłębie biurowe w Polsce?". warszawa.naszemiasto.pl (in Polish).
  5. "Jak naprawdę wygląda praca w "Mordorze na Domaniewskiej"?". forsal.pl/ (in Polish). 10 July 2015.
  6. Józef Kazimierski, Ryszard Kołodziejczyk, Żanna Kormanowa, Halina Rostowska: Dzieje Mokotowa. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1972. (in Polish)
  7. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 września 1938 r. o przyłączeniu części gmin wiejskich Wilanów i Bródno w powiecie i województwie warszawskim do powiatów południowo-warszawskiego i prasko-warszawskiego w m. st. Warszawie. In: 1938 Journal of Laws. Warsaw. 1938. (in Polish)
  8. Marian Marek Drozdowski: Warszawiacy i ich miasto w latach Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1973, p. 17. (in Polish)
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  36. Weseła Wojnarowicz, Paweł Gnieszawa-Słodkowski: Dzielnica Włochy. Parki, zieleńce, zabytki.... Warsaw: Włochy Municipal Office. 2012. p. 18. ISBN 978-83-928365-4-4. (in Polish)
  37. Monika Oksiuta: Przemiany sieci hydrograficznej i zagospodarowania terenu na obszarze miejskim (zlewnia Potoku Służewieckiego, Warszawa). In: Prace Geograficzne, issue 120, 2008. Kraków: Institute of Geography and Spatial Management of Jagiellonian University. ISSN 1644-3586. (in Polish).
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  39. Adolf Pawiński: Polska XVI wieku pod względem geograficzno-statystycznym. vol. 5: Mazowsze, Warsaw, 1895, p. 259. (in Polish)
  40. Lech Królikowski: Twierdza Warszawa, Warsaw, 2002. (in Polish)
  41. Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska (editor): Encyklopedia Warszawy, Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1994, p. 790, ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish)
  42. Warszawski Dziennik Wojewódzki: dla obszaru Województwa Warszawskiego. 1933, no. 14, position 136. (in Polish)
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  46. Bronisław Ryś: Budowa i rozwój Służewca Przemysłowego. In: Kronika Warszawy. 3 (7). p. 45. (in Polish)
  47. Józef Kazimierski, Ryszard Kołodziejczyk, Żanna Kormanowa, Halina Rostowska: Dzieje Mokotowa. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1972, p. 269. (in Polish)
  48. Kronika wydarzeń w Warszawie 1945−1958. Warszawskie Kalendarz Ilustrowany 1959, p. 67, 1958. Wydawnictwo Tygodnika Ilustrowanego "Stolica" (in Polish)
  49. B. Petrozolin-Skowrońska (editor), Encyklopedia Warszawy, Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1994, p. 790, ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish)
  50. B. Chyliński: Osiedle Prototypów na Służewcu w Warszawie. In: Architektura, issue 213–214, August-September 1965, Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Architektów Polskich, 1965, p. 315–318. ISSN 0003-8814.
  51. J. Niedźwiecki (editor): Rozwój techniki w PRL, first edition, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, 1965, p. 374–376. (in Polish)
  52. Uchwała Nr 102/923 Prezydium Rady Narodowej m. st. Warszawy z dnia 4 lipca 1967 r. w sprawie podziału dzielnic m. st. Warszawy na rejony urbanistyczne. In: Dziennik Urzędowy Rady Narodowej m. st. Warszawy, no. 23, position 62. Warsaw. 10 August 1967. (in Polish)
  53. Uchwała Nr 389/XXXVI/96 Rady Gminy Warszawa-Centrum w sprawie Miejskiego Systemu Informacyjnego w Gminie Warszawa-Centrum, In: Express Wieczorny, no. 268, 18 November 1996. Warsaw. (in Polish)
  54. Marta Leśniakowska: Architektura w Warszawie 1989−2001. Warsaw: Arkada Pracownia Historii Sztuki, 2002, p. 70−74. ISBN 83-908950-5-6. (in Polish)
  55. Paweł Dunin-Wąsowicz. Mordor literacki w serpentynie głupstw. In: Stolica, p. 36, June 2019. (in Polish)
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