Telaga

Telaga is a community found in Coastal Andhra region of India. Telaga is a subcaste of Kapu and both terms are often used synonymously.[9] They are classified as a Forward caste.[19] They are a land-owning agrarian community.[26] Historically, they were a warrior caste before taking up cultivation.[27] They are considered as one of the dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh.[28] Telaga are also referred to as Pedda Kapu or Telaga Naidu.[33] They use Naidu as their caste title.[37]

Telaga
ClassificationForward caste
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesTelugu
CountryIndia
Populated statesAndhra Pradesh
RegionSouth India

History

As per historians, Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu who ruled Coastal Andhra, later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.[38][39][40] Telagas were a formerly military caste who had taken up cultivation.[27] In pre-independent India, Telaga-Kapu also ruled Andhra as Zamindars. In Guntur district, one of the four major Zamindars, the Malraju family of Narasaraopet were Telagas.[50]: 268 [51][52] Narasaraopet town was named after Rajah Malraju Narasa Rao, the local Telaga Zamindar.[53]

H. A. Stuart wrote in 1891, "The Telagas are a Telugu caste of cultivators, who were formerly soldiers in the armies of the Hindu sovereigns of Telingana.[note 1] This may perhaps account for the name, for it is easy to see that the Telugu soldiers might come to be regarded as the Telugus or Telagas par excellence".[54][55] During the colonial era, they were noted to be of a high social position.[50]: 274 [56][41]

The early 20th century witnessed caste consciousness in various social groups of Andhra.[57] A Telaga Mahajana Sabha happened at Railway Koduru in Kadapa district in September 1920.[6] The first Telaga Mahasabha (transl. Telaga Grand Assembly) was held on 7 October 1923 in Machilipatnam[58] and the second Telaga Mahasabha was held near Eluru in February 1924.[59]

In 1936, Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, a leading advocate and Telaga leader was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[60][61] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency, which included the present-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along with parts of Kerala and Karnataka.[61]

Geographic distribution

Telagas are found in Coastal Andhra region, concentrated in the erstwhile East and West Godavari districts.[4][2] They are also found in old Krishna, Guntur districts, Uttarandhra, and other regions of Andhra Pradesh.[8][6][3] Telaga, a sub-caste of Kapu, has no relation to the Mudiraj community, who are sometimes referred to as Telaga in parts of Telangana.[62]

Political participation

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Telaga community, along with other feudal landed castes, were major supporters of the Justice Party.[63][64][65] Prominent Telaga-Kapu personalities like Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu and Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu were members of the Justice Party.[66][63] In the government formed after the first legislative council election to Madras Presidency in December 1920, Venkata Reddy Naidu was one of the three ministers in the Cabinet. In 1936, he was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[60] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[60]

Selig S. Harrison noted that, in the 1955 legislature of what was then Andhra State, the Telagas had 16 legislators, next only to the Reddis and Kammas. He states that they formed a "newly active political force".[67] In 1982, Telagas joined the other Kapu castes to form the Kapunadu movement, launched in Vijayawada. The movement held annual/biannual meetings since then.[68] For the 1983 election for the united Andhra Pradesh, the Kapus, in general, supported the newly formed Telugu Desam Party. Among the elected, the Telagas made up six legislators, compared to nine legislators belonging to other Kapu castes from the coastal districts.[69] According to scholar Balagopal, "The Munnuru Kapus, Balijas, Telagas are collectively referred to as 'Kapus'". They attempted to consolidate into a single community, but "it has remained un-consummated".[70][71]

Categorisation

In 1982, Barbara D. Miller of Syracuse University noted, "Generally the Telaga-Kapu rank fairly high in status".[72] They are classified as a Forward caste.[19] They are a community of land-owners and are one of the dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh.[26][28]

2014–present

In the 2014 election, the Kapu community supported the Telugu Desam Party, which won and formed the government.[76][77] In a September 2015 order, Andhra Pradesh government proposed the setting up of Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation Limited for the social development of Kapu, Balija, Telaga and Ontari communities.[78] In February 2016, the government appointed a three-member commission led by K. L. Manjunath to study the possibility of additional quota for Kapu communities.[79][80][77] But even before the commission submitted a report, the government passed a bill in December 2017 categorising the community under BC-F category and reserving 5% of the places in educational institutions and government jobs.[81][82] Since the state's reservations exceeded 50%, an approval from the Central Government became necessary. The Central Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) objected to the inclusion of Kapus, as it was not supported by facts.[83][77] The government subsequently allocated 5% reservation, out of the 10% allocated under EWS category, to Kapus. This too was found to be legally untenable, and the new government led by YSR Congress reversed the decision.[84] As of 2023, Telagas do not avail any quotas and are classified as a Forward caste.[85]

Notable people

Notes
  1. Until the late medieval era, the terms 'Telingana' and 'Andhra' both referred to all of the Telugu-speaking lands. While Andhra was an ancient name, Telingana was first used in the 14th century to refer to the land inhabited by Telugus.

    References
    1. Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1. The Kapus of Godavari Districts are quite well off and politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
    2. Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 851. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The term Kapu is variously used in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. They are equated with Reddis in Rayalaseema districts (Thurston, 1909). In East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts, the same term refers to a forward caste, often synonymously used with the Telaga and Ontari.
    3. Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Deep & Deep. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-7100-730-1. The Kapus constitute a separate caste in the Coastal districts of West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam. The Kapus of Coastal regions are politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
    4. Kantha Rao, A study of the socio political mobility of the kapu caste (1999), Chapter 2, p. 67: "The Kapus are found all over Andhra Pradesh and they are sub-divided into the Turpu Kapus and Telagas. The Kapus of the East and West Godavari call themselves Telagas or Pedda (Big) Kapus and claim to be superior to the Turpu (East) Kapus. The Turpu Kapus are those belonging to the districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam."
    5. Subrahmanyam, Y. Subhashini (1975). Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study. Prithvi Raj Publishers. pp. 74, 75. The Kapu form the bulk of the population and are agriculturists and horticulturists. The Kapus of the East Godavari call themselves Telaga or Pedda (Big) Kapus.
    6. Reddy, G. Samba Siva (2011). "Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 771. ISSN 2249-1937. Telagas termed themselves as Kapus and by profession were agriculturists. The first Telaga Mahajana Sabha of the region met at Railway Kodur in Kadapa district in September 1920. The later Telaga Conferences were held mostly in the Coastal Andhra areas than in the Rayalaseema region since the population of Telagas was more in the former region than in the latter. But some of the leaders of the region participated in these conferences as they had good rapport, with the prominent Coastal Andhra leaders like Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, who seldom visited the region.
    7. Satyanarayana, A. (2005). Dalits and Upper Castes: Essays in Social History. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 152. ISBN 978-81-7391-703-5.
    8. Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The Telaga are a Telugu speaking dominant cultivator community, concentrated in all the coastal towns and hinterlands of East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Nellore districts of Coastal Andhra and in all the ..... Today we find the Kapu, Ontari and Balija of the state often call themselves Telaga, and the Telaga in some parts also use Kapu as synonym. The Telaga occupy a higher status in the hierarchy among these groups.
    9. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
    10. Bulletin. Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1990. p. 123. Taking Andhra Pradesh alone, all the populous land-owning castes such as Reddy, Kamma, Kapu, Telaga, Velama, Raju, etc. (which are among the forward sections), constitute definitely more than nine percent of the total population which is the proportion of the land-owning castes in the above extrapolation for northern India.
    11. Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001), Parties Elections And Mobilisation, Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, p. 158, ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1: "Srikakulam district: ... The Brahmins, Rajus (Kshatriya), Komati, and Telaga communities are considered to be forward communities and these castes constitute around 8 percent of the district."
    12. Census of India, 1971: Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 6. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1976. p. 236. It is also seen that Brahmin, Vysya, Telaga, Kapu who are considered to be socially and economically forward castes ....
    13. Bernstorff, Dagmar (1973). "Eclipse of "Reddy-Raj"? The Attempted Restructuring of the Congress Party Leadership in Andhra Pradesh". Asian Survey. 13 (10): 970. doi:10.2307/2643005. ISSN 0004-4687. Other forward communities are Brahmins, Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, Telagas, Khaists.
    14. Hauck, Gerhard (1973). "Gewaltlosigkeit und Gleichheit als Ideologie: Eine Studie über den Gandhiismus in Indien" [Nonviolence and Equality as Ideology: A Study of Gandhiism in India]. Soziale Welt (in German). 24 (1): 102. ISSN 0038-6073.
    15. Naidu, D. Suran (1991). The Congress Party in Transition: A Study in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. National Book Organisation. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-85135-64-9. The Brahmin, Raju (Kshatriya), Komati (Vaisya) and Telaga castes are considered 'forward communities' in the district.
    16. Raju, Rapaka Satya (1989). Urban Unorganised Sector in India. Mittal Publications. p. 158. Among the forward communities, Vysya, Telaga and Brahmin communities had higher representation in that order.
    17. D V Ramana Murty; G Arti; M. Vivekananda Murty (2018). "Estimation of Strength of Different Population Groups Existing In Andhra Pradesh – A deductive approach" (PDF). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 8 (1): 15–20. ISSN 2250-3226.
    18. "Telaga community to fight for BC status". The Hindu. 12 December 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
    19. [10][2][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
    20. Census of India, 1961. 6. Vol. 2. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1961. p. 8. The Kapus who are otherwise popularly known as Telagas in these parts primarily belong to a caste of cultivators and land owners. They are among the most respected of the non-Brahmins. It is said that in the past they were soldiers in the armies of the Hindu Sovereigns.
    21. Narayan-Parker, Deepa; Petesch, Patti L. (1 January 2002). From Many Lands. World Bank Publications. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8213-5049-2. About half the 153 households in the village are from the dominant Telaga caste of landed farmers ....
    22. Arnold, David (1986). Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-561893-8.
    23. K. Veeram Reddy (1987). Land Reforms and the Emergence of New Agrarian Structure in Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study of Chittoor District. p. 63. It was because of the caste composition of land ownership, for most of the agricultural land is owned by the dominant castes - Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Telaga, and Kshatriya communities.
    24. Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1994). Encyclopedia of Traditional Epics. ABC-CLIO. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-87436-724-9.
    25. Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1977). Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times. Curzon Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7007-0103-2.
    26. [20][21][22][23][10][24][25]
    27. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
    28. [73][21][8][23][47][74][75]
    29. Lakshmanna, Chintamani (1973). Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications. pp. 26, 137.
    30. Shashi, Shyam Singh (1994). Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: Andhra Pradesh. Anmol Publications. pp. 196. 195. ISBN 978-81-7041-836-8. But Reddis, Kammas, and Telaga Naidu are equal in social rank. They are originally agricultural castes.
    31. Simhadri, Y. C. (1979). The Ex-criminal Tribes of India. National.
    32. Rao, M. Prasada (2006). Rural Non-farm Growth: Sign of Farm Success Or Failure?. Serials Publications. p. 215. ISBN 978-81-8387-009-2.
    33. [4][5][29][30][31][32]
    34. Census of India, 1961. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1962. p. 18.
    35. Madras Christian College Magazine. Vol. 27. Madras Christian College. 1910. p. 461.
    36. Census of India, 1891. Vol. 13. 1893. p. 240.
    37. [29][34][30][35][31][36]
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    39. ఏటుకూరు బలరామమూర్తి (1 April 1989) [1953]. ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర [A Brief History of the Andhras] (in Telugu). Visalaandhra Publishing House. p. 97. తాము చతుర్ధ వంశస్టులమని, దుర్జయ కులోద్భవులమని వెలనాటి చోడులు చెప్పుకున్నారు. మిగతా తెలుగు చోడులు తాము సూర్యవంశజులమని, కరికాల చోళుని వంశస్థులమని చెప్పుకున్నారు. కాని వాస్తవానికి అందరూ ఒకే కుదురునుండి ప్రారంభమైన చతుర్ధ వంశస్థులే తప్ప వేరు కారు. వీరందరికీ కాలక్రమేణా తెలగాలు లేక కాపులు అను పేరు స్థిరమైంది.
    40. ఏటుకూరు బలరామమూర్తి (1 April 1989) [1953]. ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర [A Brief History of the Andhras] (in Telugu). Visalaandhra Publishing House. p. 114. కోట బేతరాజు మొదలైనవారు తెలుగుచోడులు. వీరు క్రమంగా తెలగాలుగా మారారు.
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    Bibliography
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