Thomas Reed (Alabama politician)

Thomas J. Reed Sr. (1927 − October 27, 1997)[1][2][3] was a civil rights leader, restaurant owner, and politician in Alabama. He and Fred D. Gray Sr. were the first two African Americans elected to Alabama's legislature in the 20th century.[4][5][6] Reed was a Democrat who lived in Tuskegee, Alabama and represented Macon County, Alabama in the Alabama House of Representatives.[7][5] He served as president of the Alabama NAACP.[8][1]

Thomas Reed
Thomas Reed campaigning in 1966
Member of the
Alabama House of Representatives
In office
November 9, 1970 – 1988
In office
1995 – October 27, 1997
Preceded byJames Paulk (31st)
Succeeded byJohnny Ford (82nd)
Constituency31st district (1970-1975)
67th district (1975-1983)
82nd district
Personal details
Born1927
DiedOctober 27, 1997
Political partyNational Democratic
Democratic
SpouseSeretta
Children3
EducationTuskegee Institute

He called on Alabama governor Guy Hunt to remove the Confederate flag from the Alabama Capitol building.[9] In February 1988 he led a march to remove a Confederate flag from the Alabama State Capitol building, and was one of 14 legislators arrested for trespass when he attempted to climb the fence protecting the building.[1][4][5][10]

In 1988 he was convicted for accepting $10,000 from a businessman in exchange for seeking parole for the businessman's nephew.[4] He was sentenced to four years in federal prison.[11] However Reed only served four months of his sentence, and was re-elected in 1994, representing his old seat after a landslide victory.[1]

Early life

Reed graduated from Tuskegee Institute with Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in economics.[12] Reed worked as a teacher at Tuskegee Institute.[13][14] Reed operated two restaurants, Thomas Reed's Chick Coops, in Tuskegee.[5][1] He married to Seretta, with whom he had three children.[1][15]

Career

Early politics

Representative James Paulk defeated Reed for the Democratic nomination for the 31st district in the 1964 election.[16] Reed ran for mayor of Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1968, but lost to Mayor Charles Keever.[17] He became president of the Alabama NAACP in 1969.[18] He was reelected as president multiple times, including in a special election after the national organization invalidated the 1978 election, but lost to Charles Woods in 1979.[19]

Elections

Paulk defeated Reed in the Democratic primary during the 1970 election. Reed challenged Paulk's victory, but a subcommittee of the State Democratic Executive Committee of the Alabama Democratic Party ruled in Paulk's favor.[20][21] Reed appealed the subcommittee's decision, but the Democratic Executive Committee ruled in favor of Paulk.[22] Reed received the nomination of the National Democratic Party of Alabama and defeated Paulk in the general election. Reed and Fred Gray were the first black people elected to the Alabama state legislature since the end of Reconstruction.[23][24] Governor George Wallace lived within Reed's district.[25]

Reed announced that his campaign for the 1974 election on December 19, 1972.[26] He and Gray were redistricted into the 67th district and Reed defeated Gray in the Democratic primary.[27][28] The NDPA gave its nomination to Reed, but he declined it as he could only run with one party's nomination.[29][30] He won in the general election without opposition.[31]

John Allie James and Charles Arrington challenged Reed's candidacy in the 1978 election based on his 1977 bribery conviction, but the Alabama Democratic Executive Committee declined to remove him from the ballot.[32][33] Reed won reelection.[34] During the 1982 election Reed defeated George Clay in the Democratic primary and faced no opposition in the general election.[35][36] A special election in 1983 for the entire state legislature was ordered by a federal court and Reed won in the 82nd district without opposition.[37][38][39] Reed defeated M.H. Bronson in the 1986 Democratic primary and won in the general election without opposition.[40][41]

Tenure

In 1970, J.J. Jaxon, chair of the Democratic executive committee, attempted to remove Reed from the committee due to him joining the NDPA, but was delayed until the committee's next meeting in January 1972.[42][43] Reed was a member of Alabamians for Democracy which called for Charles Graddick to run a write-in campaign during the 1986 gubernatorial election.[44]

Reed ran to serve as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention from the 22nd district.[45] Dan C. Alexander Jr., a delegate candidate who survived a credentials challenge based on his support for Wallace's 1968 third-party presidential campaign, challenged his qualification to run as a delegate citing Reed running as the NDPA candidate in 1970.[46] Reed won as an uncommitted delegate against Wallace delegate W.O. Braham.[47][48] He gave his support to George McGovern.[49] Reed defeated state senator T. Dudley Perry, a Wallace delegate, in a runoff to serve as an uncommitted delegate from the 21st district to the 1976 Democratic National Convention.[50][51][52] Reed later supported Carter and proposed a resolution, which was passed by the state house, congratulating him after receiving enough delegates to win the nomination.[53] He was elected as a delegate for Ted Kennedy to the 1980 Democratic National Convention from the 3rd district.[54] Reed supported Walter Mondale for the Democratic nominatio during the 1984 presidential election.[55]

Reed lost the position of speaker pro tem to Rick Manley in 1979, and to Roy Johnson in 1983.[56][57][58] During his tenure in the state house he served on the Tourism, Entertainment and Sports, Navigation and Water Ways, and Rules committees.[59][60] Governor Fob James appointed Reed to the Tuskegee Institute Board of Commissioners in 1980.[61]

Reed's service as chair of the Public Welfare committee, starting in 1975, made him the first black person to lead a committee in the Alabama legislature since Reconstruction.[62][63] Reed employed the first black legislative page in Alabama since 1878.[64] Reed opposed Elizabeth B. Andrews' candidacy to fill the vacancy in the United States House of Representatives caused by George W. Andrews's, her husband, death.[65]

In 1976, Reed was accused of attempting to bribe Perry to vote in favor of legislation to establish a dog racing track in Macon County.[66] Perry was offered a $20,000-50,000 salary to serve as the lawyer for Ronald Williams, who was to be on the racing commission. Reed and Williams were indicted on September 17.[67] Perry stated that "I was completely convinced they would kill me if I didn't do what they wanted" and recorded his conversations with Reed for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[68] The prosecution accused Reed of having taken $25,000 from five men seeking to benefit from dog racing, but Reed claimed it was a loan.[69] The trial ended in a mistrial with all of the jurors except for one supporting a guilty conviction and a second trial also ended in a mistrial.[70][71] Williams was convicted on May 20, 1977.[72] Reed compared a third trial to a "legal lynching"[73] and accused Perry of demanding a $100,000 bribe from him.[74] Reed was convicted on July 22, and fined $500.[75]

Attorney General Bill Baxley ruled that he was removed from the state legislature, but Reed refused to vacate his seat and Wallace declined to call a special election.[76][77][78] James filed a lawsuit to have Reed removed from the legislature, but Judge Joseph Phelps dismissed the lawsuit.[79][80] Phelps later ruled that Reed was ineligible to hold office and invalidated his victory in the 1978 election and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals upheld his 1977 conviction.[81][82] The Supreme Court of Alabama allowed him to stay in the legislature during his appeal on the condition that he post a $10,000 bond and repay legislative expenses if he lost.[83][84] On May 25, 1979, the Supreme Court unanimously reversed Reed's conviction and stated that as he was convicted of a misdemeanor, rather than a felony, he was allowed to hold office.[85] Reed was given $19,695.66 with 6% interest in back pay.[86][87] Reed sought $59,500 in damages in order to repay the legal fees that originated from Baxley's prosecution and the Alabama Board of Adjustment gave him $11,855 in 1981.[88][89]

Death

Reed remained in the state legislature despite having an illness that required him to seek treatment at the Mayo Clinic.[90] He declined to say what illness he was suffering from and died on October 27, 1997.[91] The coroner later reported that Reed died from cancer.[92] He was described by Gray as "a trailblazer... (h)e did an excellent job of representing not only his constituents, but all people", and by Alabama House Speaker James S. Clark as a "pioneer of the civil rights movement".[1][93]

Sereetta was appointed to replace Reed on the Tuskegee Institute Board of Commissioners.[94] Johnny Ford announced his campaign for Reed's seat before his death and a special election was called following Reed's death.[95][96] Sereetta ran in the special election, but lost the Democratic primary runoff to Ford, who defeated Republican nominee Robert Story and Libertarian nominee John Sophocleus.[97][98][99][100]

Political positions

Reed proposed legislation to prohibit capital punishment. [101] He proposed legislation that would prevent the imprisonment of pregnant women.[102] He supported lowering the voting age to eighteen.[103] Reed and Gray proposed to have the next 100 hired employees of the Alabama Highway Patrol be black and eventually reduced the amount to 10, but all of their attempts failed.[104] In 1972, the NAACP and Reed filed a lawsuit to force the integration of the Highway Patrol.[105] Reed was endorsed by the AFL–CIO while running to be a delegate to the 1976 DNC.[106]

Electoral history
1970 Alabama House of Representatives 31st district Democratic primary[20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic James Paulk (incumbent) 8,587 51.50%
Democratic Thomas Reed 8,088 48.50%
Total votes 16,675 100.00%
1970 Alabama House of Representatives 31st district election[107]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Democratic (Ala.) Thomas Reed 9,436 52.25%
Democratic James Paulk (incumbent) 8,624 47.75%
Total votes 18,060 100.00%
1974 Alabama House of Representatives 67th district Democratic primary[28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 5,889 60.98%
Democratic Fred Gray (incumbent) 3,769 39.02%
Total votes 9,658 100.00%
1982 Alabama House of Representatives 67th district Democratic primary[35]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 7,253 63.80%
Democratic George Clay 4,115 36.20%
Total votes 11,368 100.00%
1982 Alabama House of Representatives 67th district election[36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 9,022 100.00%
Total votes 9,022 100.00%
1983 Alabama House of Representatives 82nd district election[39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 4,746 100.00%
Total votes 4,746 100.00%
1986 Alabama House of Representatives 82nd district Democratic primary[41]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 6,992 72.38%
Democratic M.H. Bronson 2,668 27.62%
Total votes 9,660 100.00%
1986 Alabama House of Representatives 82nd district election[41]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Thomas Reed (incumbent) 9,660 100.00%
Total votes 9,660 100.00%

References
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