Treaty of Rapallo (1920)

The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929) that was signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the former Austrian Littoral, which was in the northern Adriatic, as well as in Dalmatia.

Not to be confused with Treaty of Rapallo (1922).

Treaty of Rapallo
Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
  The Austrian Littoral, later renamed Venezia Giulia, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the Treaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the Treaty of Rome) and was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Treaties of Paris and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo
TypePeace Treaty
ContextFirst World War
Signed12 November 1920 (1920-11-12)[1][2]
LocationRapallo, Italy[1]
ConditionArrangement of the border in Venezia Giulia and Free State of Fiume
Signatories Giovanni Giolitti, Carlo Sforza, Ivanoe Bonomi
Milenko Vesnić, Ante Trumbić, Kosta Stojanović
Parties Italy
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
LanguageItalian, Serbo-Croatian[1]

The treaty was signed on 12 November 1920[3] in Rapallo, near Genoa, Italy. The signing was preceded by Italo-Yugoslavian negotiations at Villa Spinola, which were led notably by Ivanoe Bonomi and Francesco Salata.[4]

Background

Tension between Italy and Yugoslavia arose at the end of the First World War, when Austria-Hungary dissolved, and Italy claimed the territories assigned to it by the secret Treaty of London. According to the treaty signed in London on 26 April 1915 by the Kingdom of Italy and Triple Entente, in case of victory at the end of the war, Italy was to obtain several territorial gains including former Austrian Littoral (except Krk and Prvić island), northern Dalmatia and notably Zadar (Italian: Zara), Šibenik (Italian: Sebenico), and most of the Dalmatian islands (except Sveti Grgur, Goli Otok, Rab, Drvenik Mali, Drvenik Veli, Čiovo, Šolta, Brač, Jakljan and Koločep).

The territories had an ethnically-mixed population, with Slovenes and Croats being over the half of the population of the region. The treaty was therefore nullified with the Treaty of Versailles under the pressure of US President Woodrow Wilson, which voided Italian claims on northern Dalmatia. The objective of the Treaty of Rapallo was to find a compromise after the void created by the nonapplication of the Treaty of London.

Content
Map of the Italian territory of Zara, 1920-1947
Events leading to World War II
  1. Revolutions of 1917–1923
  2. Aftermath of World War I 1918–1939
  3. Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918–1925
  4. Province of the Sudetenland 1918–1920
  5. 1918–1920 unrest in Split
  6. Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
  7. Heimosodat 1918–1922
  8. Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918–1919
  9. Hungarian–Romanian War 1918–1919
  10. Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 1918–1919
  11. 1919 Egyptian Revolution
  12. Christmas Uprising 1919
  13. Irish War of Independence 1919
  14. Comintern World Congresses 1919–1935
  15. Treaty of Versailles 1919
  16. Shandong Problem 1919–1922
  17. Polish–Soviet War 1919–1921
  18. Polish–Czechoslovak War 1919
  19. Polish–Lithuanian War 1919–1920
  20. Silesian Uprisings 1919–1921
  21. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
  22. Turkish War of Independence 1919–1923
  23. Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 1919
  24. Italian Regency of Carnaro 1919–1920
  25. Iraqi Revolt 1920
  26. Treaty of Trianon 1920
  27. Treaty of Rapallo 1920
  28. Little Entente 1920–1938
  29. Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) 1920–1938
  30. Mongolian Revolution of 1921
  31. Soviet intervention in Mongolia 1921–1924
  32. Franco-Polish alliance 1921–1940
  33. Polish–Romanian alliance 1921–1939
  34. Genoa Conference (1922)
  35. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
  36. March on Rome 1922
  37. Sun–Joffe Manifesto 1923
  38. Corfu incident 1923
  39. Occupation of the Ruhr 1923–1925
  40. Treaty of Lausanne 1923–1924
  41. Mein Kampf 1925
  42. Second Italo-Senussi War 1923–1932
  43. First United Front 1923–1927
  44. Dawes Plan 1924
  45. Treaty of Rome (1924)
  46. Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention 1925
  47. German–Polish customs war 1925–1934
  48. Treaty of Nettuno 1925
  49. Locarno Treaties 1925
  50. Anti-Fengtian War 1925–1926
  51. Treaty of Berlin (1926)
  52. May Coup (Poland) 1926
  53. Northern Expedition 1926–1928
  54. Nanking incident of 1927
  55. Chinese Civil War 1927–1937
  56. Jinan incident 1928
  57. Huanggutun incident 1928
  58. Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928
  59. Chinese reunification 1928
  60. Lateran Treaty 1928
  61. Central Plains War 1929–1930
  62. Young Plan 1929
  63. Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
  64. Great Depression 1929
  65. London Naval Treaty 1930
  66. Kumul Rebellion 1931–1934
  67. Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931
  68. Pacification of Manchukuo 1931–1942
  69. January 28 incident 1932
  70. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1932–1939
  71. Geneva Conference 1932–1934
  72. May 15 incident 1932
  73. Lausanne Conference of 1932
  74. Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact 1932
  75. Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1932
  76. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1932
  77. Defense of the Great Wall 1933
  78. Battle of Rehe 1933
  79. Nazis' rise to power in Germany 1933
  80. Reichskonkordat 1933
  81. Tanggu Truce 1933
  82. Italo-Soviet Pact 1933
  83. Inner Mongolian Campaign 1933–1936
  84. Austrian Civil War 1934
  85. Balkan Pact 1934–1940
  86. July Putsch 1934
  87. German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 1934–1939
  88. Baltic Entente 1934–1939
  89. 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
  90. Stresa Front 1935
  91. Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
  92. Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
  93. He–Umezu Agreement 1935
  94. Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935
  95. December 9th Movement
  96. Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–1936
  97. February 26 incident 1936
  98. Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936
  99. Soviet-Mongolian alliance 1936
  100. Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
  101. Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
  102. Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1936
  103. Anti-Comintern Pact 1936
  104. Suiyuan campaign 1936
  105. Xi'an Incident 1936
  106. Second Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945
  107. USS Panay incident 1937
  108. Anschluss Mar. 1938
  109. 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1938
  110. Easter Accords April 1938
  111. May Crisis May 1938
  112. Battle of Lake Khasan July–Aug. 1938
  113. Salonika Agreement July 1938
  114. Bled Agreement Aug. 1938
  115. Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War Sep. 1938
  116. Munich Agreement Sep. 1938
  117. First Vienna Award Nov. 1938
  118. German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939
  119. Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine Mar. 1939
  120. German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939
  121. Slovak–Hungarian War Mar. 1939
  122. Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War Mar.–Apr. 1939
  123. Danzig crisis Mar.–Aug. 1939
  124. British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939
  125. Italian invasion of Albania Apr. 1939
  126. Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations Apr.–Aug. 1939
  127. Pact of Steel May 1939
  128. Battles of Khalkhin Gol May–Sep. 1939
  129. Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939
  130. Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939

At the conclusions of the discussions, the following territories were annexed to Italy:

According to the treaty, the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) would become the independent Free State of Fiume,[5] which ended the military occupation of Gabriele d'Annunzio's troops that had begun by the Impresa di Fiume and was known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro. That part of the treaty was revoked in 1924, when Italy and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Rome, which gave Fiume to Italy and the adjacent port of Sušak to Yugoslavia.

The treaty left a large number of Slovenes and Croats in Italy. According to author Paul N. Hehn, "the treaty left half a million Slavs inside Italy while only a few hundred Italians in the fledgling Yugoslav state".[6] Indeed, based on the numbers recorded in the 1910 Austrian census, 480,000 South Slavs (Slovenes and Croats) became citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, and around 15,000 Italians became citizens of the new Yugoslav state (around 13,000 in Dalmatia and the rest in the island of Krk). According to the same census, around 25,000 ethnic Germans and 3,000 Hungarians also lived in the regions annexed to Italy with the treaty, and the number of Italians living in the region was between 350,000 and 390,000.

References
  1. "Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed at Rapallo, 12 November 1920" (PDF). League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 18. League of Nations. 1923. pp. 397–403. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  2. "Rapalski ugovor". Hrvatska enciklopedija (Croatian encyclopedia) (in Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Institute in Zagreb. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  3. A Low Dishonest Decade by Paul N. Hehn; Chapter 2, Italy the Powers and Eastern Europe, 1918-1939. Mussolini, Prisoner of the Mediterranean
  4. D'Alessio, Vanni. "Salata, Francesco". Enciclopedia Italiana. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. Foreign Policies of the Great Powers by Cedric James Lowe, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, F. Marzari, p.177-78
  6. A Low Dishonest Decade by Paul N. Hehn; Chapter 2, Italy the Powers and Eastern Europe, 1918-1939. Mussolini, Prisoner of the Mediterranean
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